Index

• Abbott Company, 480
• Abboud, Gen., 283, 497
• Abdellah, Slaheddine, 257
• Abdirascid, Ali Scermarke, 399, 581, 582, 583, 587–588
• Abdirazak, Hagi Hussein, 488n , 523, 530n , 538, 551–553
• Abebe, Gen. Abye, 534
• Abell, Bess, 148
• Aberkhan, Mohammed, 64
• Abidia, Fathi, 69–70, 142
• Abram, Morris, 1102, 1103
• Acheson, Dean, 900
• Action Program on African Development Policies and Programs:
  • Congressional criticism, 374, 378
  • European involvement in Africa and, 345–347, 349
  • Implementation of, 349–354, 361–365, 366–368
  • Johnson’s speech re, 324–327
  • Korry’s inquiry and recommendations, 326, 331–351
• Adams, Gen. Paul, 512n
• Adan, Ahmed Mohamed, 529–530, 551, 556, 557
• Aden Abdullah, Osman, 488n , 497–498, 557
• Adoula, Cyrille, 292, 406, 446, 719, 730, 733, 735
• African American Labor Center, 385
• African Development Bank (ADB), 312, 338–339, 367, 375, 376–377, 381, 390
• African National Congress, 992
• African Refugee Conference, 775
• Afro-Asian Conference of 1965, 39, 41, 44, 49
• Agency for International Development (AID):
  • Accomplishments in Africa, 378–379
  • Action Program on African Development Policies and Programs, 332, 333, 348, 349, 363, 367
  • Algeria, 38, 39, 40
  • Ghana, 415, 464, 465–466
  • Libya, 70n
  • Morocco, 168–169
  • Regional policy regarding Sub-Saharan Africa, 299, 301, 303, 310, 312, 319
  • Tunisia, 245–246
• Agriculture Department, U.S., 846
• Aherne, Richard W., 9n , 544n
• Akers, Robert W., 704
• Aklilu, Abte-Wold Tsahafi, 521, 528–529, 530n , 544, 549n , 601n , 604, 605–606
• Alba, Col., 254n , 589n
• Alexander, Clifford L., Jr., 296n
• Alexander, Edward J., 958n
• Algeria (see also North Africa), 2, 9, 286
  • Anti-American agitation, 18–20, 50
  • Ben Bella’s approach to governance, 24–25
  • Ben Bella’s proposed U.S. visit, 30–31
  • Coup attempt of 1967, 61–62
  • Coup of 1965, 35, 41–43, 46
  • Denuclearization issue, 28
  • Economic situation, 5, 26, 35
  • Four Areas Project, 18, 40
  • France, relations with, 21–22, 35–36, 238–239
  • Harriman’s visit, 54–56
  • Ho Chi Minh letter, 54
  • Intelligence reports on, 35–36, 41–42, 62–63
  • Internal security problems, 62–63
  • Investment Guaranty Agreement, 52
  • Johnson’s meeting with Guellal, 45–48
  • Komer’s meetings with Guellal, 16–18, 30–32, 52–53
  • Leadership role in Arab world, 13
  • Military situation, 3, 35
  • Morocco, military threat to, 17–18, 32, 149–151, 154n , 158, 161, 163, 170–171, 188, 189, 196–197, 203–205, 207–210
  • Non-alignment policy, 27, 55
  • Oil issues, 8, 17
  • Opposition elements, alleged U.S. support for, 27, 28, 29–30, 67–68
  • Political situation, 12–13, 35
  • Revolutionary movements, support for, 36
  • Rusk’s meeting with Guellal, 26–28
  • Six-Day War and, 61
  • Soviet Union, relations with, 2, 3, 11, 21, 24, 26, 36, 41–42, 50, 62
  • U.S.-Algeria relations, 16–18, 26–28, 31–32, 47–48, 64–67
    • Diplomatic relations, break in, 61, 63n , 64, 66–67
  • U.S. food and agricultural assistance, 11, 28, 32–34, 36–40 49, 51–52, 53–54, 55–60, 66
  • U.S. military assistance, 18
  • U.S. policy toward, 4, 11
    • Action Plan for Algeria, 20–23
  • U.S. recognition of Boumediene government, 43–44
  • War for independence, 8
• Ali, Col. Abdillahi Farah, 596
• Allen, Sir Roger, 895n
• Allen, William G., 201n
• Alter, David E., 504n
• Amamou, Mohamed, 269
• Ammar, Hamed, 269, 273
• Anderson, Amb., 358, 825
• Anderson, Burnett, 308n
• Anderson, George W., Jr., 720n , 731, 736, 739–740, 749–750, 758n , 759n , 760
• Andreas, Dwayne, 384
• Andrew, Robert F., 451n
• Angola. See Portuguese Africa.
• Ankrah, Lt. Gen. Joseph A., 412
  • Ghana:
    • U.S. recognition of government, 456–457
    • Cocoa prices, 476–477, 480
    • Coup of 1966, 443, 454, 458–460
    • Foreign investment policy, 480–481
    • Humphrey’s visit, 392–393, 479–481
    • Soviet military equipment provided to U.S., 463, 477
    • U.S. development assistance, 456–457, 460, 476
    • U.S. food and agricultural assistance, 478, 479
    • U.S. military assistance, 472, 476
  • Johnson’s correspondence with, 458–464, 472–473
  • Johnson’s meeting with, 467, 473, 475–477
  • Katzenbach’s meetings with, 466–467, 478–479
  • Nigerian civil war, 477, 663
  • Nigerian political crisis, 633–634, 637, 640, 650, 656
  • Vietnam war, 476, 481
• Anthis, Gen., 279n
• Apedo-Amah, 358
• Appling, Hugh G., 722n , 751n
• Arab League, 230–231, 273
• Arms control, 355–357
  • Nuclear free zone issue, 28, 280–282, 315–317
  • U.S.-Soviet arms freeze in Horn of Africa, proposed, 542–543, 553–554
• Armstrong, Willis C., 417
• Arnold, Terrell, 812n
• Arthur, Geoffrey, 115, 116, 117, 118
• Atkinson, Col., 589n
• Australia, 889
• Awolowo, Chief, 654, 655
• Azhari, Yusuf O., 596
• Azikiwe, Nnamde, 611, 612, 613n
• Azores, 691, 693–694, 734, 750
• Baako, Kofi, 450
• Babu (Nigeria), 276, 611
• Badeau, John S., 82
• Bader (DOD), 124n , 132n , 201n , 574n , 694n
• Al-Badri, Abd-al-Qadir, 14–15
• Bakkush, Abd al-Hamid, 145–146, 147–148
• Balafrej, Haj Ahmed, 196
• Baldwin, Marion A., 282, 433n
• Balewa, Sir Abubakar Tafawa, 610–611, 612, 613n , 614, 615, 886
• Ball, George W., 43n , 113, 518n , 717n , 762n , 828n , 831n , 834n , 849, 861n
  • Action Program on African Development Policies and Programs, 349–351
  • Algeria, 20
  • Ethiopia, 499–500, 516–517, 539
  • Ethiopia-Somalia dispute, 518–519
  • Ghana, 451–452
  • Horn of Africa, proposed U.S.-Soviet arms freeze, 542–543
  • Libya, 70n
  • Morocco, 161, 162, 169–170, 179–180, 181–182
  • Nigerian civil war, 687
  • Portuguese Africa, 724–728, 736, 748, 763, 764
  • Rhodesian Government, international campaign against:
    • Economic sanctions, 809–810, 912–913
    • Johnson’s correspondence with Wilson, 891
    • Johnson’s meetings with Wilson, 872, 873
    • Military options, 843
    • Oil embargo, 860–861, 864, 872
    • U.K. tobacco problem, 812–813
    • U.S. contingency planning, 797, 823
    • U.S. program of sanctions, 841–842
    • Zambia, U.S.-U.K. assistance for, 863, 864–865
    • Zambia-Rhodesia economic warfare, 843
  • Rhodesian unilateral independence issue:
    • Johnson’s correspondence with Smith, 829
    • Johnson’s correspondence with Wilson, 813–814
    • U.S. policy re, 807–808, 819–820, 827
    • U.S.-U.K. coordinated approach, 792–794, 809–810, 815–816
    • U.S.-U.K. protests, 789
    • Zambia’s concerns, 790–792
  • Somalia, 497–498, 538—539
  • South Africa, 1040, 1051
  • South West Africa, 1052–1053, 1055, 1056–1057, 1059–1060
• Banda, Hastings K., 697–698
• Barber, Arthur, 315–316
• Barbour, Robert, 163n , 169n , 175n , 180n , 717n
• Barnard, Robert J., 626n , 627, 628n , 637–640, 643
• Baron, Albert R., 264n
• Barr, Joe, 376–377
• Basutoland, 329–330
• Bator, Francis, 871, 874, 917, 1040n
• Battle, Lucius D., 263n , 597n
• Beadle, Sir Hugh, 896, 903
• Bechuanaland. See Botswana.
• Beigel, Edgar J., 149n , 181n , 762n
• Belgium, 362, 610
• Belk, Samuel E., 282n , 612
• Bell, David E., 34, 38, 74n , 163n , 229, 241, 250, 253, 308n , 437
• Belman, Murray J., 861n , 1081, 1097n
• Ben Barka, Ahmed, 52, 179–182, 210
• Ben Bella, Ahmed, 16–17, 20n , 21, 36–37, 222
  • Approach to governance, 24–25
  • Algeria:
    • Coup of 1965, 35, 46
    • Opposition elements, alleged U.S. support for, 27, 29–30
    • Soviet Union, relations with, 24
    • U.S. food and agricultural assistance, 28
  • Proposed U.S. visit, 30–31
• Ben Salah, Ahmed, 230, 269
• Bengelloun, Ali, 154, 158–159, 161, 166, 170n , 176–177
• Benhima, Ahmed Taibi, 163, 166–168, 173, 176
• Benhima, Mohammed, 211, 214–215
• Bennett, Oliver, 796
• Bennett, W. Tapley, 781n , 785n
• Bentley, Amb., 820, 839
• Bergus, Donald C., 123n
• Berman, Edgar, 384
• Beyer, Gordon R., 585n , 586n
• Biafra. See Nigerian civil war.
• Bishti, Ahmad, 128–129, 130–131, 132, 134n , 139, 142–143
• Black, Robert B., 232n
• Blake, James J., 26n , 29n , 43n , 90n , 92n , 93n , 154n , 162n , 168n , 169n , 232n , 234n , 236, 487n , 488n , 490n , 507n , 515n , 520n , 523, 525, 530n , 531n , 722n
• Blake, Robert O., 232, 771–773
• Bligh, Sir Timothy, 417
• Bogosian, Richard W., 1107n
• Bohlen, Charles E., 180, 708, 709
• Bolton, Oliver P., 414
• Bomboko, Justin, 773
• Botha, J.S.F., 1077
• Botsio, Kojo, 446, 450
• Botswana (Bechuanaland), 692–693, 701–702
• Bottomley, 788, 802, 803–804
• Bouabid (Morocco), 176
• Boudreau, William J., 775n
• Boumediene, Col. Houari, 2, 17
  • Algeria:
    • Anti-American agitation, 50
    • Coup attempt of 1967, 61–62
    • Coup of 1965, 35, 41–42
    • Harriman’s visit, 55
    • Political situation, 12–13
    • Soviet Union, relations with, 50
    • U.S., relations with, 47–48
    • U.S. food and agricultural assistance, 49
• Bourguiba, Habib, 1, 137, 223n
  • Algerian coup of 1965, 425, 42
  • Johnson’s correspondence with, 259–260, 263–264
  • Johnson’s meetings with, 265–271
  • Tunisia:
    • Arab League agenda, rejection of, 230–231
    • Humphrey’s visit, 402–403
    • Israel, policy toward, 266
    • Military situation, 14
    • Nasser’s military threat, 234n
    • Political situation, 14
    • Turkey as source of military equipment, 270
    • U.S. military assistance, 248, 253
    • U.S. security guarantee, proposed, 254–255, 257n , 266
    • Vietnam war, policy re, 267
  • U.S. visit, 242 43, 244, 257–260, 265–271
• Bourguiba, Habib, Jr., 269
  • Algerian coup of 1965, 43
  • Johnson’s meetings with, 227–229
  • Komer’s meetings with, 220–223
  • North African regional defensive arrangement, proposed, 237
  • Rusk’s meetings with, 236–241, 260–263
  • Tunisia:
    • African nations, relations with, 222
    • Civic action program, 240
    • France, relations with, 221
    • Libya, relations with, 222–223
    • Morocco, relations with, 221
    • Nasser’s military threat, 238
    • Six-Day War and, 260–263
    • U.S. development assistance, 220–221, 227–229, 243n
    • U.S. military assistance, 229, 231, 232, 233n , 235–241, 251, 261
• Bouteflika, Abdelaziz, 41, 43–44, 54–55, 63n , 64, 65
• Bowie, John M., 785n
• Brezhnev, Leonid I., 197
• Britain. See United Kingdom.
• British Aircraft Corporation (BAC), 574n
• Bronez (DOD), 71n , 74n , 84n , 87n , 90n , 92n , 93n , 97n , 100n , 132n , 157
• Bronfman, Edgar, Jr., 384, 387
• Brown, Elizabeth Ann, 693n , 762n , 763n , 767n , 846n , 943n , 952n , 1044n , 1076n , 1079n , 1102n , 1107n
• Brown, George, 850, 915, 917–918, 920–921, 942–943, 1080
• Brown, Irving, 384
• Brown, L. Dean, 156n , 170n , 615, 759n , 774
• Brown, Theodore, 295n
• Brubeck, William H., 80, 274, 411, 424, 432n , 440n , 486, 488n , 497n , 499n , 984n , 974–975, 986–987, 998–1004
• Bruce, David K. E., 113, 115–118, 276, 417, 871, 874, 877, 908
• Bruce, Robert L., 958n
• Buche, John A., 546
• Buffum, William B., 834n , 993n , 1022n , 1056n
• Bull, Kinloch, Jr., 738
• Bundy, McGeorge, 16n , 25n , 71n , 101n , 151n , 167n , 203n , 220n , 421, 454n , 729n , 825n , 827n , 828n , 831n , 874n , 892n , 1032n , 1041n , 1045n
  • Algeria, 34, 36–37, 42, 45, 51
  • Botswana, 692
  • Ghana, 411, 418, 447
  • Libya, 80, 135–136
  • Morocco, 153, 155n , 159n
  • Nigeria, 612, 613
  • Portuguese Africa, 721, 734, 735, 739
  • Regional policy regarding sub-Saharan Africa:
  • Internal security assistance, 279–280
  • Johnson’s interest in African affairs, 304, 306n
  • Nuclear free zone issue, 281
  • Strengthened African Program, 300
  • U.S. Negro leadership’s interest in, 294, 295, 296
  • Rhodesia, U.S. arms embargo against, 795
  • Rhodesian government, international campaign against, 858, 865, 866, 885, 893n
    • Johnson’s correspondence with Wilson, 889n
    • Johnson’s meetings with Wilson, 870–871, 873, 874
    • Military options, 843
    • Oil embargo, 860–861, 864
    • U.S. program of sanctions, 845, 890
    • U.S. stake in outcome, 852
    • Zambia, U.S.-U.K. assistance for, 864–865, 884
    • Zambia-Rhodesia economic warfare, 843
  • Rhodesian unilateral independence issue:
    • Johnson’s correspondence with Smith, 829
    • UN actions re, 794, 818
    • U.S. policy re, 801, 806–807
    • U.S. response to Rhodesia’s declaration, 836
    • U.S.-U.K. coordinated approach, 815–816
  • South Africa, 1040
    • Johnson’s meeting with Oppenheimer, 1028–1029
    • Nuclear energy program, 998, 1006
    • U.S. military sales, 999, 1004, 1005
    • U.S. non-segregation policy for personnel in South Africa, 1030n
    • U.S. policy toward, 981–982, 984–986
    • U.S. space tracking stations in, 1030n
  • South West Africa, 974
  • Tunisia, 227
  • Wheelus Air Base:
    • Negotiations re, 85
    • U.S. action program re, 74
    • U.S. negotiating strategy, 72, 73n , 76
    • U.S. withdrawal issue, 95, 96n , 99
• Burati, Valery, 154n , 181n
• Burdett, William C., 717n
• Burrows, Sir Bernard, 113
• Burundi, 329
• Busia, Kofi, 470
• Butler, R. A., 417n , 418
• Buuri (Libya), 107
• Byrne, Horace F., 1031n
• Byrne, Patricia M., 759n , 762n , 1044n
• Caccia, Sir Harold, 417, 788
• Caetano, Marcello, 787
• Calhoun, Chad, 422, 423, 424
• Califano, Joseph, 879
• Campbell, Francis R., 9n , 114n , 120n , 121n , 122n , 125n , 132n
• Campbell, Hugh, 530n
• Campbell, W. B., 1019n , 1022n , 1059n , 1106n , 1107n
• Canada, 362, 750, 889
• Caradon, Lord, 762n , 922, 947
• Carlson, Frank, 1048
• Carlson, Joel, 1093
• Carolan, Thomas J., 952n
• Carter, Chester C., 904
• Cashin, Richard M., 441n
• Castro, Fidel, 474
• Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 1n , 46, 297n
  • Algeria, 27, 28, 29–30, 35n , 41–42, 5
  • Angola, 721
  • Covert operations in Africa, 290–293, 365–366, 721
  • Ethiopia, 537, 598n
  • Ethiopia-Somalia dispute, 509n
  • Ghana, 411n , 422–423, 424, 426, 429–430, 432–433, 434, 467–471
  • Libya, 82, 108n
  • Morocco, 179–180
  • Nigeria, 613n , 622, 682
  • Portuguese Africa, 740n , 742n , 770–771
  • Rhodesian government, international campaign against, 826n , 876, 930n , 938, 954
  • South Africa, 988n , 1061, 1077n
  • South West Africa, 1050n , 1065n
• Chabaani, Col., 27n
• Chalfin, Seymour, 790, 883n
• Chapin, Frederic M., 100n , 963
• Chase, Gordon, 1040–1041
• Chase, Robert W., 161, 166, 168n , 169n , 175n , 177n , 180n , 181n , 230n
• Cherkaoui, Mohammed, 196
• Cheslaw, Irving, 1097n
• China, People’s Republic of, 21, 32, 36, 154n , 446
  • Ethiopia, relations with, 274, 527, 528–529
  • Ghana, relations with, 459
  • Nationalist movements of Southern Africa and, 699, 700
  • Portuguese Africa, 716, 753
  • Subversive activity in Africa, 274, 382–383, 405
  • Tanzania-Zambia railroad, 374, 799, 800–801
• Chou En-lai, 21, 48, 274, 430, 717, 799
• Christian, George, 660
• Christmas, Stephen, 492n , 511n
• Civil rights developments in U.S., African reaction to, 283–284
• Clark, G. Edward, 616, 1068n , 1069n , 1073n , 1076n , 1083n , 1086, 1093n , 1097n , 1099n , 1101n , 1102n , 1106n , 1107n
• Clark, James, 247n
• Cleveland, J. n, 717n , 971n , 993–994
• Clifford, Clark, 1110
• Cobb, Rear Adm. J. O., 578–579, 1072
• Cocoa prices, 347, 375, 450, 476–477, 480
• Cohen, Herman J., 775n
• Colby, William, 779
• Commerce Department, U.S., 310
• Common Market, 226, 346
• Congo, People’s Republic of the, 329, 331, 773
• Congo, Republic of the, 32, 34n , 157, 285, 306, 328, 368–369, 444–445, 472, 474, 610
  • CIA covert operations, 291–292
  • Humphrey’s visit, 393–395
  • Portuguese Africa, 716, 719, 743, 745, 746, 771–773, 776, 778
  • Revolt of the mercenaries, 373–374
• Congress, U.S., 69, 143, 157, 248, 258, 374, 378, 589–590
• Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), 1020–1021
• Conway, Gen. Theodore J., 472
• Cook, Mercer, 328
• Cooper, Richard N., 124n , 1040n
• Coote, Wendell B., 275n , 484n , 501n , 504n , 722n , 807n
• Coward, Capt. Asbury, 693n , 1021n , 1068n , 1069n , 1081, 1083n
• Crump, Frank, 1089
• Cruz, Viriato da, 730, 746
• Cuba, 16, 153, 193, 200–201, 210, 474, 699
• Curtis, Joanne, 752n
• Czechoslovakia, 668
• Daddah, Moktar Ould, 446
• Dane, Ernest B., 781n
• Daud, Gen., 518
• Davies, Rodger P., 125n , 325n
• Davis, Rear Adm. J. W., 78–80, 513–514
• Davis, John, 295n
• De Gaulle, Charles, 52, 53, 209, 219–220, 221, 544
• Dean, David, 18n
• Dean, Jonathan, 765n , 846n , 912n
• Dean, Sir Patrick, 113, 860, 872, 873, 874, 890, 917, 922–923, 925–948
• Debrah, Amb., 406
• Delaney, Peter H., 1019n , 1081
• DeMartino, John J., 813n
• Democratic Movement of Algerian Renovation (MDRA), 67
• Denney, George C., Jr., 615n
• Denuclearization issue. See Nuclear free zone issue.
• DeSeabra, Jose, 270
• Deus Rodrigues Tomas, Americo de, 787
• Dickman, Francois M., 722n
• Dillery, C. Edward, 966n , 971n , 995n
• Dinke, Amb., 526–527, 531–532
• Diori, Hamani, 663
• Dirksen, Everett M., 437, 941
• Disarmament. See Arms control.
• Disoway, Gen., 100n
• Diukarev (USSR), 542n
• Djibouti, 544, 565–566
• Dobson (Canada), 436, 439
• Dodd, Thomas J., 433
• Doki, Charles, 780
• Dorros, Leon G., 413n , 433n , 441n , 722n
• Douglas, A. Hugh, 1069n
• Douglas-Home, Sir Alec, 276–277, 417, 418, 610
• Doyle, Gen., 705
• Dozier, William B., 575n
• Dregne, Col., 88, 232n , 538n
• Dreyfuss, John T., 1107n
• Driss, Rachid, 220, 224–225, 228, 236, 240, 243–244, 248–249, 257–259, 269, 273
• Dualeh, Ahmed Yusuf, 551
• Duggan, William R., 995n
• Duke, Angier Biddle, 268, 270
• Dumont, Amb., 300
• Dungan, Ralph, 16n , 421, 982
• Dunn, A. Gardner, 963, 1026, 1027
• Economic Commission for Africa, 285–286
• Economic Community of East Africa, 401, 597–598
• Edwards, Robert H., 717n , 754n
• Egal, Mohammed Ibrahim, 399, 581–584, 586n , 587–588, 590, 591–598, 603, 604, 605, 606
• Ekern, Halvor O., 365–366, 615, 770n , 912
• Enahoro, Chief Edward, 652, 662, 669
• Enders, Thomas O., 1106n
• Eritrea, 573, 575, 576, 598–599
• Ethiopia (see also Ethiopia-Somalia dispute; Horn of Africa), 157, 286, 970n
  • China, relations with, 274, 527, 528–529
  • Dinke’s defection to U.S., 531–532
  • Economic situation, 524
  • Eritrean insurgency, 573, 575, 576, 598–599
  • France, relations with, 545–546
  • Harriman’s meeting with Haile Selassie, 527–529
  • Humphrey’s visit, 397–398
  • Intelligence report on, 598–599
  • Johnson’s correspondence with Haile Selassie, 486, 488–489, 499–500, 549–550
  • Johnson’s meetings with Haile Selassie, 556–557, 558, 560–566, 568
  • Johnson’s proposed meeting with Haile Selassie in 1966, 544n , 546–550
  • Kagnew Station military base, 505, 506, 510, 554–556, 561, 573, 576–579, 599, 606–609
  • Kenya, relations with, 488
  • McNamara’s meeting with Haile Selassie, 559, 566–567
  • Palmer’s meeting with Yifru, 546–547
  • Policing functions in Africa, 515–516
  • Political reforms, U.S. encouragement of, 533–536
  • Political situation, 537, 572
  • “Shake down” policy re U.S. assistance, 526–527
  • Soviet-Somali relations, concerns re, 603–604
  • U.K. military sales, 574, 580
  • U.S. military assistance, 486, 489n , 511–512, 515–517, 524–526, 538–539
    • Congressional action re, 589–590
    • Ethiopia’s requests for increased assistance, 521–522, 540–541, 545, 547, 558–571
    • FY 1966 MAP program, 520
    • FY 1967 MAP program, 545
    • JCS position, 513–514
    • U.S. objectives re, 510–511
    • U.S. objectives and policies, 506
    • U.S.-Soviet relations, concerns re, 602
• Ethiopia-Somalia dispute:
  • Bilateral resolution efforts of 1965, 530–531
  • Border clashes, 487, 490–495, 502–504, 507–508, 523
  • DZtente initiative, 582–588, 591–592, 594, 597, 600–601, 603, 604–606
  • Intelligence report on, 509–510
  • Joint Somali-Ethiopian Border Commission, 504n
  • Mutual mistrust, 518–519
  • Preventive action, Ethiopia’s consideration of, 519
  • Propaganda problem, 518–519
  • Soviet intervention, 500–501
  • U.S. bilateral relations and, 496–500
  • U.S. mediating role, proposed, 501–502
  • U.S. position re disputed territories, 530
  • U.S.-supplied military equipment, Ethiopia’s alleged use of, 500n , 507–508
• Eurafrican preferential system, 346–347, 349
• Eurich, Alvin, 109
• European Economic Community (EEC), 226, 346
• Evans, Allan, 615n
• Export-Import Bank, 415, 422
• Fain, Thomas A., 943n , 952n
• Falk, Richard, 1093
• Fanfani, Amintore, 64
• Farah, Abdulrahim Abby, 596
• Farah, Abdurahman Abby, 551, 596
• Farley, Philip J., 785n , 1097n
• Fekini, Mohieddine, 69
• Feld, NichoNicholas, 585n , 600n , 786
• Ferguson, John H., 149, 151n , 153n , 155, 601
• Field, Winston, 932
• Fisher, Adrian S., 1040
• Fluckey, Rear Adm. Eugene B., 1078n
• Follestad, Robert T., 18n
• Forrestal, Michael, 279n
• Foster, John, 61–62
• Fourie, Bernardus Gerhardus, 1105n
• Fowler, Henry H., 241, 272, 377, 465, 841–842, 942, 1053
• France:
  • Action Program on African Development Policies and Programs, attitude toward, 362
  • Algeria, relations with, 21–22, 35–36, 36, 238–239
  • Algerian-Moroccan tensions and, 209–210
  • Ethiopia, relations with, 545–546
  • Eurafrican preferential system, 346–347, 349
  • Ghana coup of 1966, 447
  • Horn of Africa, 544, 572
  • Morocco, relations with, 163, 180–182
  • Nigeria, relations with, 610
  • Nigerian civil war, 685
  • North Africa, 2, 3, 237
  • Rhodesian government, international campaign against, 843
  • South Africa’s apartheid policy, 994
  • Southern Africa region, policy re, 708–709
  • Tunisia, relations with, 219–220, 221, 225, 244
• Franco, Generalissimo Francisco, 5
• Fredericks, J. Wayne, 74n , 170n , 177, 320–322, 357n , 466, 542n , 663, 664, 742, 745n , 751n , 754n , 759n , 792n , 797, 804, 805, 807n , 813n , 819n , 824, 827, 831n , 926, 995n , 1022n , 1081
  • Algeria, 20–23
  • Nigeria, 616
  • Portuguese Africa, 736–738, 738, 743, 770–771
• Freeman, Orville, 482
• French Somaliland, 544, 548, 560, 572
• Frutkin, Arnold W., 1045
• Funseth, Robert L., 754n , 759n , 765n , 767n , 769n , 780n
• Gabon, 286
• Galanto, Fred J., 64, 484n , 487n , 491n , 494n , 502n , 516n , 518n , 520n , 521n , 530n , 531n , 851n
• Gallin-Douathe, Amb., 406
• Gardiner, Robert, 397–398
• Gargoni, Khalid al, 139
• Garin, Vasco Vieira, 763, 769, 904–905
• Garner, Sir Saville, 660, 803–805, 808n , 810n , 925–927, 928
• Gaud, William S., 192, 223, 247, 271, 279n , 351, 362, 376–377, 465, 482
• Gebelt, S. G., 785n , 847–848
• Germany, Federal Republic of (FRG), 167, 176, 362, 560, 750
• Ghana, 328, 330
  • Aluminum plant project, 422–423, 424, 438, 440
  • Ankrah government, U.S. recognition of, 456–457
  • Anti-American campaign, 411, 412, 414, 420, 424n , 428–429, 444–446, 451–452
  • China, relations with, 459
  • CIA covert operations, alleged, 411n , 422–423, 424, 426, 429–430, 432–433, 434
  • Civilian government, restoration of, 474–475, 476
  • Cocoa prices, 375, 450, 476–477, 480
  • Corruption problem, 429
  • Coup of 1966, 443, 447, 453–456, 457–460
  • Economic situation, 439, 450, 460, 464, 467–471, 472
  • Foreign investment policy, 426–427, 438–439, 480–481
  • Harriman’s meeting with Nkrumah, 432, 434, 435–436
  • Humphrey’s visit, 392–393, 479–481
  • Intelligence reports on, 467–471
  • Johnson’s correspondence with Ankrah, 458–464, 472–473
  • Johnson’s correspondence with Nkrumah, 425–428, 433–434, 448–449
  • Johnson’s meeting with Ankrah, 467, 473, 475–477
  • Johnson’s meeting with Quaison-Sackey, 447–449
  • Johnson’s meeting with Ribeiro, 432–433
  • Kaiser’s meeting with Nkrumah, 424–425
  • Katzenbach’s meetings with Ankrah, 466–467, 478–479
  • Katzenbach’s meeting with Harlley, 473–475
  • Mahoney’s meetings with Nkrumah, 428–431, 444–446
  • Military situation, 470
  • Nigerian political crisis, 616, 639, 644, 650, 656
  • NIH research facility, 415–416
  • Nkrumah government, 413–414, 438, 459
  • Nkrumah’s Hanoi visit, 448–449
  • Non-alignment policy, 426
  • Police force, 474
  • Political situation under military-police junta, 467–471
  • Socialist policies, 426–427, 430, 435–436
  • Soviet military equipment provided to U.S., 463, 477
  • Soviet Union, relations with, 429, 430, 459
  • U.S. Action Program, 413–416, 419–421, 441–442
  • U.S. development assistance (see also Volta River project below), 443, 456–457, 460, 464, 465–466, 476
  • U.S. food and agricultural assistance, 452, 457–458, 462, 478, 479, 481, 482–483
  • U.S. military assistance, 472, 476
  • U.S. psychological warfare program, 416
  • Volta River project, 411, 415, 417–420, 421, 423, 424–425, 435, 436, 437, 438–440, 443–444
  • Williams’s meeting with Nkrumah, 450–451
• Gibbs, Sir Humphrey, 804–805
• Gilpatric, Roswell, 748–749, 849
• Glenn, Edmund S., 196, 268
• Gleysteen, William H., 769n , 959n , 1073n , 1081, 1083n , 1093n , 1097n , 1106n
• Gloster, John G., 580n , 585n , 589n
• Godley, G. McMurtrie, 292, 735
• Godson, Joseph, 1107n
• Gold, Ruth S., 943n
• Goldberg, Arthur J., 313, 358, 693, 807, 831n
  • Portuguese Africa, 691, 759, 761n , 762n , 764
  • Rhodesian government, international campaign against, 840, 845, 854, 931, 940–941, 947n , 951, 952
  • Rhodesian unilateral independence issue, 818
  • South Africa, 691–692, 1040, 1049, 1082, 1083–1084
  • South West Africa, 1080, 1102, 1103
• Goldstein, Mortimer D., 846n , 851n , 861n , 917, 922, 943n , 952n
• Goldwater, Barry, 283–284
• Gonsalves, 778
• Good, Robert C., 765n , 844n , 957, 1088–1089
• Goodman, Seymour S., 785n , 1097n
• Gordon Walker, Patrick, 788–789
• Gore-Booth, Sir Paul, 823
• Gowan, Maj. Gen. Yakubu, 618n
  • Nigerian civil war, 659, 661, 663, 667–669, 684, 686
  • Nigerian political crisis:
    • Countercoup of July 1966, 618–619
    • Iboland option, 648
    • Mediation efforts, 647
    • Military conflict, prospects for, 629–630
    • Secession issue, 620, 626–627, 647–648
  • U.S. analysis of, 655
  • U.S. public attitude toward, 672
• Graham, Lord, 796
• Green, Marshall, 717n
• Green Denis A., 917, 918
• Greenwood, Hal, 384
• Grey, R. T., 273
• Grimes, Rudolph, 359
• Gromyko, Andrei, 553
• Gross, Ernest, 1033
• Guedira, Ahmed Reda, 152, 153n
• Guellal, Cherif, 20n
  • Algeria:
    • Ben Bella’s proposed U.S. visit, 30–31
    • Coup of 1965, 46
    • Morocco, military threat to, 17–18, 32
    • Non-alignment policy, 27
    • Oil issues, 17
    • Opposition elements, alleged U.S. support for, 27, 28, 29n
    • U.S.-Algerian relations, 16–18, 26–28, 31–32, 47–48, 61
    • U.S. food and agricultural assistance, 28, 52, 60
    • U.S. military assistance, 18
  • Johnson’s meeting with, 45–48
  • Komer’s meetings with, 16–18, 30–32, 52–53
  • Morocco’s Ben Barka case, 52
  • Rusk’s meeting with, 26–28
• Guimali, Antoine, 358
• Guinea, 286, 329, 330, 474
• Gullion, Edmund A., 292
• Gumane, Paul, 753
• Gustafson, Charles H., 455n , 1083n
• Guthrie, John C., 500n
• Gwambe, H., 753
• Hadow, Reginald M., 788
• Hadsel, Fred L., 320n , 325n , 484n , 780n , 846n , 958n , 959n
• Haile Minassie, 564
• Haile Selassie I, Emperor of Ethiopia, 150, 274, 599
  • Ethiopia:
    • Dinke’s defection to U.S., 532
    • Humphrey’s visit, 397–398
    • Kagnew Station military base, 510
    • Political reforms, U.S. encouragement of, 533, 534–535
    • Political situation, 537
    • Soviet-Somali relations, concerns re, 603–604
    • U.S. military assistance, 486, 512n , 521, 564–568, 571n
    • U.S.-Soviet relations, concerns re, 602
  • Ethiopia-Somalia dispute, 493, 500n , 591, 603, 605
  • Harriman’s meeting with, 527–529
  • Johnson’s correspondence with, 486, 488–489, 499–500, 549–550
  • Johnson’s meetings with, 558, 560–566, 568
  • Johnson’s proposed meeting in 1966, 544n , 546–550
  • McNamara’s meeting with, 559, 566–567
  • Nigerian civil war, 683, 690
  • Nigerian political crisis, 650–651, 652n
• Hall, Michael, 908
• Hall, Pierson M., 693n , 963, 992n , 1039
• Hall, William, 589n , 600n , 601n , 602–604
• Hamilton, Edward K., 472n , 478n , 542n , 566–567, 590n , 596, 665n , 686n
  • Malawi, 697–698
  • Nigerian civil war, 659–660, 663–665, 669–670, 683–685
  • Nigerian political crisis, 654–657
  • Regional policy regarding Sub-Saharan Africa, 331–333, 355–357, 378–381
  • Rhodesian government, international campaign against, 1064–1065
  • South Africa, 1058–1059
  • South West Africa, 1062–1064
• Hand, Lloyd N., 871, 873
• Hardy, Alan M., 676n
• Harlech, Lord, 788
• Harlley (Ghana), 443, 454, 473–475
• Harriman, W. Averell, 4, 29n , 71n , 84n , 87n , 90n , 93n , 101n , 160n , 163n , 220n , 274, 279n , 282n , 412, 425n , 428n , 488n , 497n , 499n , 516n , 535n , 549n , 717n , 730, 736n , 797n , 931
  • Algeria, 20, 32, 34, 54–56, 57, 60, 66
  • Economic and political progress in newly indent nations, 285–286
  • Ethiopia, 520, 527–529
  • Ethiopia-Somalia dispute, 496
  • Ghana:
    • Meeting with Nkrumah, 432, 434, 435–436
    • U.S. Action Program, 420, 421, 441, 442n
    • Volta River project, 417, 418, 420, 421, 423, 424–425, 435, 436, 437, 438–440
  • Libya, 72, 108
  • Morocco, 52, 167–168, 173, 187–188
  • Nigeria, 610–611
  • Portuguese Africa, 742
  • South Africa, 963–965, 1006
  • Tanzania-Zambia railroad, 799
  • Tunisia, 253
  • Wheelus Air Base, 80–81, 88, 89n
• Hart, Parker T., 137
• Hartman, Arthur A., 264n , 699n , 704n , 1109–1110
• Hasan, Crown Prince of Libya, 108
• Haselton, Norris, 29n
• Hassan II, King of Morocco, 1, 3
  • Algerian coup of 1965, 42
  • Bourguiba Jr.’s assessment of, 221
  • Johnson’s correspondence with, 155, 156, 184–187
  • Johnson’s meeting with, 183–184, 193–200
  • Morocco:
    • Algerian military threat, 188, 189, 196–197
    • Ben Barka kidnapping case, 181
    • Economic development and private investment, 178–179, 182
    • Harriman’s visit, 187–188
    • Military situation, 14
    • Mutual defense arrangement with U.S., proposed, 211
    • Political situation, 13, 176
    • Soviet Union, relations with, 149n , 187, 189–190
    • U.S. food and agricultural assistance, 184–185
    • U.S. military assistance, 201n , 215
    • U.S. withdrawal from military bases, 152
• Hatch, Col., 966n
• Hauschner, Ludwig, 743n
• Havercamp, Roy T., 780n , 786n
• Haynes, Ulric, Jr., 458n , 535n , 813n , 883n , 984n
  • Botswana, 692–693
  • Nigerian political crisis, 617
  • Regional policy regarding sub-Saharan Africa:
    • Johnson’s interest in African affairs, 304–305
    • Problems areas for U.S., 328–330
    • Strengthened African Program, 298–303, 305
    • U.S. Negro leadership’s interest in, 295, 296
  • Rhodesia, U.S. arms embargo against, 799–800
  • Rhodesian government, international campaign against, 858–859, 865–867, 882, 884, 885–886, 895–896, 901–902
  • Rhodesian unilateral independence issue, 794–795, 801–802, 827, 836–837
  • South Africa, 1028–1032
  • Tanzania-Zambia railroad, 800–801
• Hazam, Col., 201n
• Heffner, Col. Charles C., 69n , 92n , 149n , 488n , 504n , 516, 520n , 525, 589n
• Height, Dorothy, 296
• Helms, Richard M., 53, 80, 330n , 453–454, 598n , 682n , 779, 1050n , 1053, 1065n
• Henderson, John N., 788
• Hennes, Richard V., 966n , 993n
• Herr, Donald F., 1099n
• Heuser, Henry, 109
• Heymann, Philip B., 1093n
• Heyniger, Lambert, 759n , 765n , 769n
• High, George B., 743n , 754n
• Hilliker, Grant, 992
• Hinman, Carroll S., 74n , 90n , 149n , 168n
• Hirschtritt, Ralph, 711
• Hobson, Jesse, 109
• Ho Chi Minh, 54, 267, 727
• Holloway, Jerome K., 736n
• Holmes, Edward W., 780n , 785n , 786n , 925, 952n , 958n , 959n , 1107n
• Hood, Lord, 917
• Hooper, Henry J. C., 897n
• Hooper, Peter, Jr., 966n , 992, 995n , 1019n , 1021n , 1022n , 1067n
• Hoopes, Townsend W., 143, 203n
• Horan, Hume A., 67n
• Hornig, Donald F., 144–145, 146
• Horn of Africa (see also Ethiopia; Ethiopia-Somalia dispute; Somalia), 405
  • Djibouti dispute, 544, 565–566
  • Intelligence report on, 572–573
  • U.S. policy in, 504–507
  • U.S.-Soviet arms freeze, proposed, 542–543, 553–554
• Houphouet-Boigny, Felix, 389–391, 683, 723–724
• Hourani, Cecil, 219–220
• Houser, George, 751, 1020
• Hoyt, Michael P., 765n , 851n
• Hughes, Cledwyn, 803–805
• Hughes, Lloyd, 874
• Hughes, Thomas L., 12n , 29n , 411n , 560n , 604n , 614n , 615, 739, 1050n , 1066n , 1078n
  • Algeria, 62–63
  • Portuguese Africa, 783–784
• Human, Robert H., 765n
• Humphrey, Hubert H., 220, 267, 383–40, 479–481, 568, 594, 685, 1101
• Hunt (UK), 669
• Husayn I, King of Jordan, 138
• Hutchinson, Edmond C., 101n , 159, 160n , 169n , 219n , 223n , 224n , 325n
• Hutchinson, Edward, 421
• Idris Al-Sanusi, Muhammad, King of Libya, 14, 138, 148n
  • Johnson’s correspondence with, 71, 110–111
  • Libya:
    • Internal security situation, 141–142
    • Mutual defense arrangement with U.S., proposed, 100n
    • Political situation, 107–108
    • U.S. military assistance, 140
    • U.S. security guarantee, 110–111, 112, 140–141
    • U.S. technical assistance, 142
    • U.S.-U.K. military planning re, 141
  • Middle East situation, 137–138
  • Threatened abdication, 76, 82
  • Visit to Turkey, 136–137
  • Wheelus Air Base, 105–107
    • Israel-related concerns of Libyans, 139
    • Libyan Air Force and, 131–132, 139–140
    • Libya’s public statements on termination of U.S. rights, 71
    • Negotiations re, 104, 138–140
    • U.S. discussions re, 87–88, 93–95, 105–107
    • U.S. withdrawal issue, 100n , 128
• Imhof, Johannes V., 20n
• Interdepartmental Regional Group for Africa, 191
• International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD). See World Bank.
• International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), 684, 686
• International Court of Justice (ICJ), 965, 970, 1007–1008, 1055n
• International General Electric, 177
• International Monetary Fund (IMF), 159, 160, 469
• International Telecommunications Union, 367
• Ioanes, Raymond, 812n
• Iran, 145
• Ironsi, Maj. Gen. Johnson Aguiyi, 615, 618n
• Israel (see also Six-Day War), 137, 138, 223n , 227, 230–231, 266
• Italy, 362
• Ivory Coast, 286, 389–391
• Iyalla, Amb., 406
• Iyassu Mengesha, Gen., 545, 574, 605
• Jackson, Sir Robert, 435, 436, 439
• Jacobs, George R., 812n
• Jacobs, Martin, 1093n , 1097n , 1101n
• Jacobsen, Jake, 829n
• James, Sir Morrice, 917
• Japan, 953
• Jarring, Gunnar, 598
• Javits, Jacob Kcob K., 369
• Jenkins, Walter, 982
• Jernegan, John D., 50n , 51, 53, 54, 55, 61
• Jerusalem, 138
• Jessup, Peter, 735, 739, 779
• Johnson, Charles E., 1006, 1030–1031, 1040n
• Johnson, Gen., 1109–1110
• Johnson, Lyndon B., 54n , 187n
  • Action Program on African Development Policies and Programs:
    • Implementation of, 352, 354n , 361, 362–363, 366
    • Johnson’s speech re, 324–327
    • Korry’s inquiry and recommendations, 331n , 349
  • Algeria:
    • Meeting with Guellal, 45–48
    • U.S.-Algerian relations, 47–48
    • U.S. food and agricultural assistance, 11, 36, 38, 49, 51, 56, 58, 60
  • Congo, Republic of the, 369
  • Ethiopia:
    • Correspondence with Haile Selassie, 486, 488–489, 499–500, 549–550
    • Meetings with Haile Selassie, 558, 560–566, 568
    • Proposed meeting with Haile Selassie in 1966, 544n , 546–550
    • U.S. military assistance, 559, 564–566, 568
  • Ethiopia-Somalia dispute, 497–500, 591
  • Ghana:
    • Aluminum plant project, 422–423
    • CIA covert operations, alleged, 434
    • Cocoa prices, 476–477
    • Correspondence with Ankrah, 458–464, 472–473
    • Correspondence with Nkrumah, 425–428, 433–434, 448–449
    • Coup of 1966, 457
    • Harriman’s meeting with Nkrumah, 432, 434, 435
    • Meeting with Ankrah, 467, 473, 475–477
    • Meeting with Quaison-Sackey, 447–449
    • Meeting with Ribeiro, 432–433
    • Nkrumah’s Hanoi visit, 448–449
    • Soviet military equipment provided to U.S., 463, 477
    • U.S. Action Program, 419, 421
    • U.S. development assistance, 464, 465, 476
    • U.S. food and agricultural assistance, 457, 462, 482
    • U.S. military assistance, 472, 476
    • Volta River project, 418, 419, 424–425, 438, 440n
  • Lesotho, 1084
  • Libya:
    • Bakkush’s proposed U.S. visit, 145, 146n
    • Correspondence with Idris, 71, 110–111
    • U.S. security guarantee, 110–111, 112
    • U.S. technical assistance, 144
  • Morocco, 154n
    • Ben Barka kidnapping case, 180
    • Economic development and private investment, 186
    • Correspondence with Hassan, 155, 156, 184–187
    • Meeting with Hassan, 183–184, 193–200
    • Meeting with M’Hammedi, 180, 181–182
    • U.S. food and agricultural assistance, 184, 186, 192–193, 198, 200
    • U.S. military assistance, 192, 197, 206n , 217, 218n
  • Nigerian civil war, 661, 683, 686, 690n
  • North Africa, 11
  • Regional policy regarding Sub-Saharan Africa:
    • Accomplishments of, 378
    • Civil rights developments in U.S., African reaction to, 283
    • Communist subversion concerns, 274
    • Economic and political progress in newly independent nations, 285
    • Humphrey’s trip to Africa, 383
    • Interest in African affairs, 304–307
    • Meeting with African Ambassadors, 406–408
    • Military takeovers of political power and, 322
    • Proposed trip to Africa, 408–410
    • Soft loan fund, participation in, 376
    • Strengthened African Program, 298n , 301, 305, 310, 313, 314–315, 319
    • U.S. Negro leadership’s interest in, 288, 294
  • Rhodesian government, international campaign against, 876, 892
    • Commonwealth Conferences re, 919
    • Correspondence with Kaunda, 883, 891n , 962
    • Correspondence with Wilson, 849–851, 859–860, 886–889, 890–891, 893–895, 903, 905–906, 914–916, 919–921, 923–924, 927–929, 955–956
    • Economic sanctions, 897, 919, 950, 951n
    • Failure of campaign, U.S. contingency planning re, 874, 939, 940, 941
    • “Fearless” proposals, 962
    • Meetings with Wilson, 870–874, 910–911
    • Peace terms issue, 910–911
    • Portugal’s concerns, 904–905, 907–908
    • U.S. program of sanctions, 840, 846n , 859–860
    • Zambia, U.S.-U.K. assistance for, 860, 865, 873, 883, 884
    • Zambia-Rhodesia border closing, 891n
  • Rhodesian unilateral independence issue, 824
    • Correspondence with Smith, 829–833
    • Correspondence with Wilson, 813–814, 817, 829–830, 833–834
    • UN actions re, 818
    • U.S. policy re, 806
    • U.S.-U.K. coordinated approach, 814, 815n , 818
  • Somalia, 497–498, 591–597
  • South Africa:
    • Civil aviation agreement with U.S., 1108
    • Meeting with Oppenheimer, 1028–1029
    • Nuclear energy program, 1082
    • UN actions re, 986
    • U.S. military sales, 1005
    • U.S. non-segregation policy for personnel in South Africa, 1030
    • U.S. policy toward, 981, 982n
    • U.S. ships’ port visits, 1051–1052
    • U.S. space tracking stations in, 1030
    • Verwoerd’s assassination, 1058n
  • South West Africa, ICJ ruling re, 1052, 1053, 1055
  • Tanzania-Zambia railroad, 799, 800
  • Tunisia:
    • Bourguiba’s U.S. visit, 242, 259, 265–271
    • Correspondence with Bourguiba, 259–260, 263–264
    • Meetings with Bourguiba, 265–271
    • Meetings with Bourguiba, Jr., 227–229
    • Turkey as source of military equipment, 270
    • U.S. development assistance, 227–229, 241, 242, 271
    • U.S. military assistance, 229, 245, 249, 252, 254n , 272
  • Vietnam war, 46–47, 448–449
  • Wheelus Air Base:
    • Harriman’s assessment of situation, 80–81
    • Libya’s public statements on termination of U.S. rights, 71
    • Negotiations re, 86
    • U.S. action program re, 74, 83
    • U.S. negotiating strategy, 72, 73, 82
    • U.S. withdrawal issue, 96
• Johnson, Vice Adm. Nels C., 143–144
• Johnson, U. Alexis, 281, 495, 544–546, 720–721, 729n , 735, 738n , 966n , 968, 984n , 1001
• Johnson, Vernon, 1005
• Johnson, W. Thomas, 687
• Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS):
  • Ethiopia:
    • Kagnew Station military base, 578–579, 606
    • U.S. military assistance, 513–514
  • Morocco:
    • U.S. military assistance, 170–172, 205–206
    • U.S. military contingency facility in, 174, 175
  • Regional policy regarding Sub-Saharan Africa:
    • Military training school, 286–288
    • Nuclear free zone issue, 281, 316–317
  • Rhodesian government, international campaign against, 868–870
  • South Africa, 695, 1072
    • U.S. military involvement in support of UN actions, possible, 1025–1026
    • U.S. military sales, 979–981
    • U.S. policy toward, 989–991
    • U.S. ships’ port visits, 1089–1090
  • Southern Africa region, U.S. policy re, 713–715
  • Wheelus Air Base, 77–80
• Jonathan, Chief Leabua, 1084–1085
• Jones, G. Lewis, 20n , 84, 85, 86, 90, 92, 93n , 132n
• Jones, Jim, 146
• Jooste, G.P., 967, 969, 983–984
• Jordan Waters problem, 16
• Judd, Thomas M., 90n , 93n , 114n , 122n , 125n , 132n , 574n , 640n , 765n , 788, 792n , 795n , 797n , 807n , 812n , 834n , 838n , 995n
• Junior, Lewis D., 600n
• Junkermann, Col., 492n , 511n
• Kagnew Station military base. See under Ethiopia.
• Kahin, Ismail, 551
• Kaiser, Edgar, 412, 415, 418, 422–423, 424–425, 439
• Kaiser, Philip M., 796n , 809n , 810n , 820–821, 908, 942
• Kalanda, Mabika, 772
• Kamanda, 773
• Kapwepwe, Simon, 358, 790–792, 882n
• Karumearume (Nigeria), 276, 611
• Kassel, Carlos, 780
• Katsina, Gen., 654, 655
• Katzenbach, Nicholas deB., 191n , 267, 273, 473n , 658n , 686n , 952n , 1067n , 1068n , 1084, 1097n
  • Action Program on African Development Policies and Programs, 363–365, 366–368
  • Algeria, 60
  • Ethiopia, 548, 554–556, 562, 566–567, 568, 576–577, 606, 608–609
  • Ghana, 466–467, 473–475, 478–479
  • Horn of Africa, proposed U.S.-Soviet arms freeze, 553–554
  • Libya, 135, 146
  • Morocco, 197–200, 214, 217
  • Nigerian civil war, 659, 662, 664, 666–667, 688, 690
  • Nigerian political crisis, 632–633, 649
  • Portuguese Africa, 785
  • Regional policy regarding Sub-Saharan Africa, 368–369, 376–377, 410n
  • Rhodesian government, international campaign against, 921, 925–927, 946–947, 950–951, 956
  • Somalia, 591–592
  • South Africa, 1089, 1090–1091, 1094, 1108, 1109–1110
  • South West Africa, 1091n , 1099–1100
  • Southern Africa region, U.S. policy re, 705, 707, 710, 711–712
  • Wheelus Air Base, 125–128
• Kaunda, Kenneth D., 374, 395–396, 766, 778, 791, 799, 800, 825, 844n , 849, 851, 875, 881n , 883, 886, 891, 894, 922–923, 956–957, 962
• Keeny, Spurgeon, 1040n
• Keita, Modibo, 150, 330
• Kenitra naval communications center, 151, 152, 153, 198
• Kennedy, Col., 123n , 134n , 781n
• Kennedy, Edward, 4, 688, 689
• Kennedy, John F., 69, 70, 183, 420, 426, 963–964, 968, 1000
• Kennedy, Robert F., 279n , 327, 721, 729n , 734, 735, 742, 1058, 1091–1092
• Kent, Donald J., 451n
• Kent, Sherman, 423, 471
• Kenya, 275, 277, 286, 374, 506, 539, 865, 866, 867
  • Ethiopia, relations with, 488
  • Humphrey’s visit, 400–402
  • Somalia, relations with, 509, 582–588, 591 -91–592, 594, 597, 600
• Kenyatta, Jomo, 275, 277, 283, 374, 400–401, 590, 663, 850, 894
• Khama, Seretse, 692–693
• Khartoum Conference of 1967, 137
• Khoja, Fathi, 137
• Khrushchev, Nikita S., 88, 436, 500–501
• Killick, John, 838–839, 874
• King, Bayard, 781n
• King, Martin Luther, Jr., 295, 296
• King, Samuel, 270
• Kingsley, Rolfe, 779
• Kinsey, William C., 795n , 797n , 807n , 819n , 851n
• Kintner, Bob, 562
• Kipping, Sir N., 850
• Kirn, Rear Aear Adm. L. J., 170–172
• Kissinger, Col., 254n , 589n
• Kitchen, Jeffrey C., 114, 115, 116, 117–118, 121n , 125n , 149n , 203n , 278, 542n , 966n , 971n , 1000, 1021n , 1081
• Kleine, Herman, 20n , 163n , 540n , 754n
• Klibi, Chedli, 269
• Kohler, Foy D., 132n , 191n , 774, 779, 945, 955, 1081, 1095n
• Komer, Robert W., 169n , 173n , 181n , 300n , 692n , 797n , 799n , 819n , 836n , 858n , 865n , 885n , 1022n , 1040n , 1045n
  • Algeria, 16–18, 25n , 30–33, 34, 38–39, 40, 45, 46, 49, 51, 52–53
  • Ethiopia, 526–527,
  • Ghana, 447, 457–458
  • Libya, 72, 101–102, 110, 119
  • Morocco, 153, 155, 157, 158–159, 160
  • Nigeria, 613
  • Regional policy regarding sub-Saharan Africa, 294, 296, 298, 302, 306–307, 313–314, 322–323
  • Rhodesian government, international campaign against, 852–858, 874–875, 876n , 882, 884, 889n , 890, 892, 893n , 895, 897–898
  • Rhodesian unilateral independence issue, 806–807, 814–815, 825, 827
  • South Africa, 1031, 1038, 1047–1048, 1049n
  • Tanzania-Zambia railroad, 798–799, 800–801
  • Tunisia, 219–225, 222, 225, 235
  • Wheelus Air Base, 72, 76, 82, 85-5–87, 96–97, 103, 104
• Koren, Henry T., 615–617
• Korry, Edward M., 250, 304, 490n , 500n , 549n
  • Action Program on African Development Policies and Programs, 326, 331–333, 334n , 349
  • Ethiopia:
    • Dinke’s defection to U.S., 532
    • Harriman’s meeting with Haile Selassie, 527–529
    • Johnson’s meetings with Haile Selassie, 563, 568
    • Johnson’s proposed meeting with Haile Selassie in 1966, 544n
    • Policing functions in Africa, 515n
    • Political reforms, U.S. encouragement of, 533, 534–535
    • “Shake down” policy re U.S. assistance, 526
    • U.K. military sales, 574n
    • U.S. military assistance, 486, 510–511, 512n , 514n , 524–526, 567, 569–571
  • Ethiopia-Somalia dispute, 493n
  • Nigerian poisis, 651
• Korry Report, 334–349
• Koumanelis, Steve, 765n , 767n
• Kranich, Robert H., 542n
• Kriebel, P. Wesley, 995n , 1022n
• Krim, Belkacem, 67–68
• Krogh, Peter F., F., 1086
• Kubisch, Jack B., 1107n
• Ladgham, Bahi, 254n
• Lampson, Edward T., 693n , 762n , 769n , 1044n
• Lancaster, Bruce, 886n , 888n
• Landau, George W., 197n , 767n , 769n , 774n , 781n , 785n , 946n
• Lang, William E., 93n , 114n , 125n , 163n , 169n , 174, 206n , 234n , 254n , 288n , 308n , 310n , 515n , 516n , 540n , 542n , 560n , 694n , 705
• Laraki, Ahmed, 177, 188–190, 196, 203n , 206–210
• Lardner, Col., 754n , 765n
• Lawrence, Vinton, 738
• Leddy, John M., 112n , 113, 308n , 754n , 759n , 819n , 823, 874, 917, 923n , 943n , 946n , 1081
• Lee, Arthur R., 100n
• Leffingwell, William M., 510–511
• Lengema, Marcel, 716, 772
• Lennon, J.H., 38
• Leonhart, William, 739–740, 779
• Leroy, Michel, 67–68
• Lesotho, 701–702, 1084–1085
• Lewis, William, 501n
• Liberation movements of Southern Africa. See Nationalist movements of Southern Africa.
• Liberia, 286, 391–392, 970n
• Libya (see also North Africa; Wheelus Air Base), 9, 72, 80, 82, 286
  • Bakkush’s proposed U.S. visit, 145–146, 147–148
  • Economic situation, 5
  • Idris’ threatened abdication, 76, 82
  • Intelligence report on, 107–108
  • Internal security situation, 141–142
  • Johnson’s correspondence with Idris, 71, 110–111
  • Mutual defense arrangement with U.S., proposed, 100n , 101
  • Newsom’s appointment as Ambassador, 110n
  • Oil issues, 8
  • Political situation, 14–15, 107–108
  • Rusk’s meeting with Bishti, 142–143
  • Six-Day War and, 125–128
  • Tunisia, relations with, 222–223, 234–235
  • U.K. military presence, 72, 83, 105, 113, 121–123
  • U.S. action program, 101–102, 105
  • U.S. development assistance, 69–70, 108–109
  • U.S. military assistance, 140, 142–143, 147
  • U.S. security guarantee, 110–111, 112, 113, 140–141
  • U.S. technical assistance, 6, 120, 135–136, 142, 144–145
  • U.S.-U.K. military planning re, 114–119, 141
• Licht, Irving H., 785n
• Lightner, E. Allen, Jr., 73n , 84, 86, 88n , 95, 97n , 99n , 100n , 104, 105–107, 110n
• Little, Edward, 501n
• Lloyd, Wingate, 212
• Lockheed Aircraft Corporation, 999–1005
• Logan, Alan, 786
• Looram, Matthew J., 121n , 538n , 540n , 542n , 544n , 546, 551, 553n , 556n , 560n , 564n , 574n , 575n , 580n , 586n , 589n , 595n , 596, 597n , 600n , 650n , 722n , 729n , 736n , 751n , 759n
• Lukumbuzya, 786
• Lusinde, 740
• Maaziq, Husayn Yusuf. See Maziq, Husayn Yusuf.
• Mabunda, David, 753
• MacCracken, John G., 600n
• MacDonald, Malcolm, 629, 849, 891, 922
• Machuirili, Immanuel G. N., 1104
• MacKnight, Jesse M., 743n , 751n , 792n , 813n , 966n , 1022n
• Mahoney, William P., Jr., 411, 413n , 421, 422, 424, 428–431, 436, 443 443–446
• Malawi, 697–698, 701–702
• Mali, 329, 330
• Malik, Yacov A., 500
• Malmborg, Knute, 201n , 254n
• Mandefro, Ayalew, 546
• Mandela, Nelson, 983, 992
• Manert, Bernard, 780
• Manhard, Philip W., 43n
• Mann, Thomas C., 51, 54, 120, 850, 876–880, 881n , 883n , 884, 890, 897n , 902n , 1040, 1047, 1048–1049
• Marcum, John, 746, 780
• Marks, Leonard H., 195, 384, 1053
• Marshall, Thurgood, 384
• Martin, Gen., 125n
• Martins, N. Ade, 621, 652–653, 664n , 665–667
• Mathews, Elbert G., 619, 623, 624n , 626–631, 643–648, 651–652, 664, 667–669, 671–675
• Mattingly, Gen., 259
• Mauritania, 4, 286
• Mauritius, 329
• Mayaki, Amb., 406
• Mayers, Daniel K., 861n
• Maziq, Husayn Yusuf, 84, 85–86, 99, 106, 138, 141
• Mbindi, Gabriel, 1104
• McAfee, William, 365, 782
• McBride, Robert H., 774, 775–778
• McCarthy, Eugene, 378, 685, 689
• McClanahan, Grant, 69n , 87n , 108n , 232n , 234n , 264n , 273
• McClelland, Roswell D., 795, 808n , 810–811, 831n , 833, 838
• McClintic, Stephen H., 151n , 154n
• McCloskey, Robert J., 18n , 179–180
• McCone, John A., 34n , 74n , 279n , 291, 297n , 509n , 729n , 738, 740n , 988n
  • Ghana, 412, 422–423, 424, 436–437, 443
  • Portuguese Africa, 734, 742–743
• McCormack, John, 689
• McDonald, David L., 868–870
• McElhiney, Thomas W., 308n , 743n , 765n , 767n , 774n , 834n , 838n , 844n , 84 883n, 929n , 943n
• McHenry, Donald, 693n , 785n , 1076n , 1093n , 1097n
• McKesson, John A., 780n
• McKillop, David H., 743n
• McNamara, Robert S., 694, 729n , 824, 849, 873
  • Ethiopia:
    • Kagnew Station military base, 554–556, 576, 578
    • Meeting with Haile Selassie, 559, 566–567
    • U.S. military assistance, 513, 524–526, 558, 566–567
  • Morocco, 165n , 170, 205
  • Portuguese Africa, 691, 734
  • Regional policy regarding Sub-Saharan Africa, 279, 280, 286, 316
  • Rhodesian government, international campaign against, 868
  • South Africa, 692, 979, 989, 1002, 1005, 1025–1026, 1072
  • South West Africa, 1053
  • Southern Africa region, U.S. policy re, 713
  • Tunisia, 231, 232n , 235, 240, 247, 249
  • Wheelus Air Base, 74, 77
• McNaughton, John T., 165n , 280, 315n , 316n , 558–559, 694–696, 978n
• McPherson, Gen., 704
• Meade, Frazier, 92n
• Meagher, John P., 586n , 743n
• Meeker, Leonard C., 1044n , 1056n , 1057
• Megna, Col. Philip, 254n , 544n
• Meinecke, William H., 254n , 264n
• Melbourne, Roy M., 472n , 473n , 478n , 618n , 620n , 625n , 632n , 634n , 640n , 649n , 650n , 652n , 665n , 676–681
• Melone, Harry R., 358
• Menzies, Robert, 889
• Merchant, Livingston, 353, 354, 362
• Meyers, Howard, 90n , 114n , 515n , 966n , 1021n
• Meyers, Robert, 738
• Mgonja, C. Y., 360
• M’Hammedi, Driss, 156n , 170n , 178–179, 180, 181–182
• Mifima, Solomon, 1089
• Milas, Leo, 753
• Milner, Col. James W., 693n
• Mitchell, Derek, 872, 873, 874
• Mobutu, Lt. Gen. Joseph D., 328, 368–369, 394–395, 472, 474, 771–772, 773, 778
• Mohallim Mohamed, Omar, 597
• Mohamed, Sheikh Ali, 597
• Mohamoud, Ahmed Mohamed, 596
• Mondale, Walter, 689
• Mondlane, Eduardo, 739–740, 741, 742, 747, 751, 779
• Montague, F. Virginia, 958n
• Moor, Carol C., 232n
• Moore, Bob, 67, 68n , 684, 786, 956
• Morell, William N., Jr., 1061n
• Morin, Laurent E., 64
• Morocco (see also North Africa), 1, 2, 9, 497
  • Algerian coup of 1965, 42–43
  • Algerian military threat, 17–18, 32, 149–151, 154n , 158, 161, 163, 170–171, 188, 189, 196–197, 203–205, 207–210
  • Ben Barka kidnapping case, 52, 179–182, 210
  • Cuba, trade with, 153, 193, 200–201, 210
  • Economic development and private investment, 177–179, 182, 185, 186
  • Economic situation, 155, 158–162
  • France, relations with, 163, 180–182
  • Germany (FRG), relations with, 167, 176
  • Harriman’s visit, 187–188
  • Johnson’s correspondence with Hassan, 155, 156, 184–187
  • Johnson’s meeting with Hassan, 183–184, 193–200
  • Johnson’s meeting with M’Hammedi, 180, 181–182
  • Manganese exports to U.S., 154
  • Military situation, 14
  • Mutual defense arrangement with U.S., proposed, 3–4, 211
  • Nonalignment policy, 166, 167–168, 173
  • Political situation, 13, 175–177
  • Rusk’s meeting with Benhima, 166–167
  • Rusk’s meeting with Laraki, 188–190
  • Rusk’s meeting with Prince Moulay Abdullah, 177–179
  • Six-Day War and, 207
  • Soviet Union, relations with, 149n , 164, 187, 189–190
  • Spain, relations with, 182
  • Territorial claims, 4, 5
  • Tunisia, relations with, 221
  • U.S. economic development assistance, 5, 168–169
  • U.S. food and agricultural assistance, 169, 184–185, 186, 192–193, 194–195, 198, 200–201, 216
  • U.S. military assistance, 149–151, 157, 163–165, 169–172, 191, 192, 197, 199, 201–210, 212–218
  • U.S. military contingency facility in, 174, 175
  • U.S. withdrawal from military bases, 151–152
  • Voice of America relay transmitter in, 195, 198
• Morris, Donald R., 544n , 925, 1067n , 1069n
• Morris, Roger, 406n , 590n , 688, 689–690, 960–961
• Morton, Byron B., 1083n
• Moulay Abdullah, Prince of Morocco, 177–179
• El Mouldi, Ferid, 224, 248
• Moyers, Bill, 304–305, 327, 447, 455n , 458n , 486, 871, 874
• Mozambique. See Portuguese Africa.
• Mufti, Ibrahim el, 360
• Mulcahy, Edward W., 538n , 759n , 790, 792, 803, 809n , 812n , 881n
• Muller, Hilgard, 921, 929, 969, 975, 995, 1006, 1026–1028, 1036, 1039, 1077, 1083, 1086–1087
• Muller, Willard, 484n , 488n , 516n , 520n
• Multer, Abraham J., 376
• Muntasir, Mahmud, 86, 97n , 98, 99, 104, 106–107
• Murray, Donald, 942
• Murumbi, Joseph, 358, 361
• Mutumbulua, Jason D., 1104
• Myerson, Jacob, 819n
• Nabrit, James M., 360
• Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 13, 71n , 72, 81, 82, 187–188, 220, 230, 234n , 238, 261–263, 283, 528
• National Academy of Sciences, 367
• National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), 694, 971n , 985, 997, 1035, 1045, 1046–1047
• National Intelligence Estimates (see also Special National Intelligence Estimates):
  • NIE 36.5–65, 107–108
  • NIE 60–1–66, 330–331
  • NIE 60–66, 1–2
  • NIE 60/70–65, 297–298
  • NIE 62–64, 35–36
  • NIE 64.2–65, 613–614
  • NIE 64.2–68, 682
  • NIE 70–1–67, 698–700
  • NIE 73–67, 1077–1078
  • NIE 75/76–64, 509–510
  • NIE 75/76–67, 572–573
• Nationalist movements of Southern Africa (see also Portuguese Africa), 698–700
• National Security Action Memorandums:
  • No. 291, 74
  • No. 295, 981–982, 984–986, 989–991, 995–998, 1012, 1032–1038, 1041–1043
  • No. 356, 362–363
• National Security Council (NSC):
  • Meetings, 9–11, 687, 1083–1084
    • 526th, 436–437
    • 561st, 1052–1053
    • 567th, 940–942
    • 572d, 368–369
• Naude, Willem C., 963–965, 974n , 1026, 1027, 1031n
• Negro leadership in America, interest in U.S. African policy, 288–289, 294, 295, 296
• Neilson, Waldemar, 327
• Nelson, Charles J., 43n , 50n , 168n , 225n
• Neo-Colonialism (Nkrumah), 451–452
• Neuman, Robert H., 123n , 125n , 132n
• New Policy for Africa. See Strengthened African Program.
• Newman, Cecil, 384
• Newsom, David D., 16n , 18n , 20n , 29n , 30n , 69n , 71n , 74n , 84n , 90n , 92n , 93n , 97n , 100n , 102, 123n , 149n , 163n , 175n , 220n , 484n , 488n , 491n , 492n , 494n , 496n , 497n , 499n , 501n , 502n , 504n , 507n , 511n , 515n , 516n
  • Ethiopia, 521–522
  • Libya:
    • Appointment as Ambassador, 110n
    • Internal security situation, 141–142
    • U.K. military presence, 122n
    • U.S. military assistance, 140
    • Newsom, David D.—Continued
    • U.S. security guarantee, 140–141
    • U.S. technical assistance, 120, 142
    • U.S.-U.K. military planning re, 141
  • Middle East situation, 137–138
  • Wheelus Air Base:
    • Israel-related concerns of Libyans, 139
    • Libyan Air Force and, 131–132, 139–140
    • Negotiations re, 130–131, 134n , 138–140
    • Six-Day War, crisis related to, 128n
    • U.S. withdrawal issue, 128–131
• Nigeria (see also Nigerian civil war; Nigerian political crisis), 166, 222, 284, 286, 328, 346, 474, 610–611, 614, 983
• Nigerian civil war, 368, 372–373
  • Economic consequences, 682
  • Evacuation of foreigners, 657, 659–660
  • Gowan’s spokesman to see Johnson, proposed, 668–669
  • Humanitarian assistance, 683–690
  • Humphrey’s proposed visit to Nigeria and, 669–670
  • Intelligence report on, 682
  • Johnson’s correspondence with Gowon, 686
  • Mediation efforts, 477, 683, 690
  • Military purchases by belligerents, 663–665, 667–668, 674–675, 679–680
  • Onset of, 658, 659
  • Recognition of Biafra issue, 661
  • U.S. development assistance and, 674
  • U.S.-Nigerian discussions re U.S. policy, 662, 665–667
  • U.S. nonintervention policy, 658, 671–681
  • U.S. public attitude toward, 672, 684–685
• Nigerian political crisis (see also Nigerian civil war):
  • Aburi agreements, 634n , 638–640, 643
  • Autonomy offer for Eastern region, 641–642, 643–644
  • Confederation option, 640
  • Countercoup of July, 1966, 618–619
  • Coup of January 1966, 615–617
  • Economic warfare, 645, 649, 655
  • Elections of 1964, 612
  • Federal government’s requests for international support, 636–637, 652–653
  • Foreigners’ departure from Eastern region, 643, 644–645
  • Iboland option, 648
  • Intelligence reports on, 613–614, 622
  • Mediation efforts, 613, 630, 632–634, 637, 640, 643–644, 647, 649, 650–651, 656
  • Military conflict, prospects for, 629–631, 636–637, 646
  • Political prohibitions, 617
  • Secession issue, 619, 620–621, 623, 626–629, 645–646, 647–648, 649
  • U.S. analysis of, 654–656
  • U.S. military assistance, requests for, 634–635
  • U.S. policy re, 624, 625–626, 637–638, 653, 656–657
  • U.S.-U.K. consultations re, 640–641, 651–652
• Nilsen, Sylvia E., 201n
• Nitze, Paul R., 606–607, 608, 707–708, 779, 1051, 1071, 1089–1090
• Nkrumah, Kwame, 468, 611, 805
  • Assassination attempt on, 411, 423
  • Ghana, 413–414, 438, 459
    • Aluminum plant project, 422
    • Anti-American campaign, 411, 412, 420, 424n , 428–429, 444–446, 451–452
    • CIA covert operations, alleged, 411n , 426, 429–430, 432–433
    • Corruption problem, 429
    • Coup of 1966, 453–454, 455, 458–459
    • Foreign investment policy, 426–427, 438–439
    • Non-alignment policy, 426
    • Socialist policies, 426–427, 430, 435–436
    • Soviet Union, relations with, 429, 430 430
    • Volta River project, 435, 439
    • Williams’ meeting with Nkrumah, 450–451
  • Hanoi visit, 448–449
  • Harriman’s meeting with, 435–436
  • Johnson’s correspondence with, 425–428, 433–434, 448–449
  • Kaiser’s meeting with, 424–425
  • Mahoney’s meetings with, 428–431, 444–446
  • Mental instability, 413, 418, 445
• Nogueira, Franco, 718, 719, 720n , 724n , 734, 744, 750, 754–755, 758n , 761n , 781n , 787, 946–947
• North Africa (see also Algeria; Libya; Morocco; Tunisia), 404–405
  • Arms race, 3–4, 10
  • Border problems, 4
  • Economic development, 5–6
  • Food problems, 5
  • Historical-cultural overview, 7–8
  • Intelligence reports on, 1–2, 12–15
  • NSC meeting on, 9–11
  • Oil and gas production, 8
  • Polarization problem, 4
  • Radicals vs. moderates in, 15
  • Regional defensive arrangement, proposed, 237
  • Regional economic cooperation, 6
  • Six-Day War and, 12, 370–371
  • Strategic importance, 3
  • U.S. policy toward, 6–8, 11
• Nouakchott Conference of 1965, 446
• Nowfel, Camille, 196
• Nuclear free zone issue, 28, 280–282, 315–317
• Nujoma, Sam, 1088–1089
• Nyerere, Julius, 275, 276, 277, 374, 743–745, 800, 801, 850, 875, 1000
• Nzeogwu, Maj. Kaduna, 615
• Obote, Milton, 275, 277, 328, 374, 851
• Occidental Petroleum, 177
• Ocran, Gen., 639
• Odaka, Samuel, 358
• Ogbu, 647, 648
• Ohin, Amb., 406
• Ojukwu, Lt. Col. Chukwuemeka Odumegwu, 618n
  • Nigerian civil war, 684
  • Nigerian political crisis:
    • Aburi agreements, 638–640, 643
    • Autonomy offer for Eastern region, 641–642, 643–644
    • Countercoup of July 1966, 618–619
    • Economic warfare, 645
    • Foreigners’ departure from Eastern region, 644–645
    • Mediation efforts, 634n , 643–644
    • Military conflict, prospects for, 629–630, 646
    • Secession issue, 620, 623, 627–628, 645–646
    • U.S. policy, 637–638
  • U.S. analysis of, 654–655
  • U.S. public attitude toward, 672
• Olds, Herbert V., 504n
• Omar, Haji Farah Ali, 596
• O’Neill, W. Paul, Jr., 240, 487n , 956
• Oppenheimer, Harry, 1028–1029
• Organization of African and Malagasy States (OCAM), 381
• Organization of African Unity (OAU), 219, 285, 338–339, 381, 506
  • Civil rights developments in U.S., African reaction to, 283
  • Ethiopia-Somalia dispute, 491, 503
  • Johnson’s speech to OAU Ambassadors, 324–327
  • Nigerian civil war, 683, 685
  • Nuclear free zone issue, 280, 282n
  • Rhodesian government, international campaign against, 849, 853n
  • Roberto’s assessment of, 775–776
• Ormsby-Gore, Sir David, 418
• O’Sheel, Patrick, 1031n
• Osman, Ahmed, 206, 212–213
• O’Sullivan, James L., 716, 743n , 745–746, 751n
• Otto, Johannes G., 1104
• Otu, Gen., 443, 454
• Oufkir, Mohammed, 13, 52, 181, 203n , 204, 221
• Oulashin, Eric E., 92n , 488n
• Owen, Henry D., 705–706, 709, 710, 712
• Palabora Mining Company, 996
• Paliser, Michael, 908
• Palmer, Joseph, II, 9n , 125n , 132n , 134n , 196, 197n , 203n , 215n , 260n , 263n , 264n , 270, 325n , 463n , 472n , 473n , 478, 538n , 540n , 544n , 551, 553n , 585n , 588, 596, 597n , 625n , 632n , 634n , 636n , 641n , 650n , 658n , 686n , 774n , 781n , 923n , 926, 945, 1055, 1056n , 1057, 1061n , 1069n , 1073n , 1083n , 1099n , 1101n , 1106n , 1107n , 1108n
  • Action Program on African Development Policies and Programs, 350, 363, 364
  • Algeria, 11, 60, 61
  • Ethiopia, 546–547, 580
  • Ethiopia-Somalia dispute, 586–588
  • Palmer, Joseph, II—Continued
  • Libya, 120
  • Morocco, 189, 191, 206–210, 211, 212–213, 214
  • Nigerian civil war, 660, 669, 676, 684, 688n
  • Nigerian political crisis, 620–621
  • Portuguese Africa, 779
  • Regional policy regarding sub-Saharan Africa, 408
  • Rhodesian government, international campaign against, 956–957
  • Somalia, 495, 496
  • Southern Africa region, U.S. policy re, 708–709, 712
  • South West Africa, 1059–1060, 1086–1087
  • Tunisia, 243n , 248
• Pan-African Military School, 286–288
• Pape, Thomas, 754n
• Pauluku, Gov., 773
• Pearson, Sen., 689, 1048
• Pearson, Lester, 889
• Peel, Amb., 406
• Pelletreau, Robert H., 29n , 455n
• Peters, Cmdr., 201n , 254n
• Peterson, Jorge, 772
• Pfund, Peter H., 846n
• Phillips, Richard I., 43n , 417, 788
• Pinckney, Maj., 122n
• Pinkston, Gen., 516n
• Pinto Ramos, Sebastien, 776
• Player, Adger E., 414
• Plimpton, 984, 992n
• Poats, Rutherford, 704
• Polansky, Sol, 87n , 504n
• Polk, Leslie D., 101n , 243n
• Pollack, Herman, 1045n
• Pompidou, Georges, 180
• Popper, David H., 764, 931, 1044n , 1059n , 1073n , 1081, 1093n
• Porson, S., 188
• Porter, William J., 18, 20n , 24–25, 36–37, 38, 39, 44n
• Portugal (see also Portuguese Africa), 780–782, 803, 887, 904–905, 907–908, 938, 942, 946–947
• Portuguese Africa (see also Southern Africa region, U.S. policy re), 371
  • African-Portuguese talks, proposed, 691, 717–720, 722–724, 737–738, 761–762
  • Anderson Plan for self-determination, 754–758, 760
  • Azores issue, 691, 693–694, 734, 750
  • Communist assistance for nationalist movements, 716, 717, 720, 753
  • Economic burden on Portugal, 754
  • Gilpatric’s report on, 748–749
  • Internal dissension in nationalist movements, 723, 726, 730, 745–746, 759, 772, 777
  • “Manifesto” of nationalist movements, 776–777
  • Mondlane’s U.S. visit, 742
  • Political action program for nationalist movements, proposed, 729–735
  • Portugal’s policy toward, 730–731
  • Portugal’s reform program in, 736–737
  • Portugal’s use of U.S./NATO military equipment, 765–768
  • Refugee problem, 775
  • Regional effects of fighting, 743–745, 765–768, 771–773
  • Rusk’s meetings with Portuguese leaders, 786–787
  • Self-determination issue, 717–720, 722–724, 738, 754–758, 759–763
  • UN actions re, 759–764, 769
  • U.S. contacts with nationalist leaders, 739–740, 742, 751, 774, 775–778, 779
  • U.S. covert support for nationalist movements, 720–721, 724–728, 738–739, 742–743, 770–771, 780–782
  • U.S. education program for Angolan refugees, 776
  • U.S. military assistance for Portugal and, 749–750, 785, 786
  • U.S. objectives re, 701, 703, 731, 743–745
  • U.S. reports on nationalist movements, 740–741, 752–754, 783–784
  • Wright’s views re, 747
• Post, Albert, 254n , 264n
• Post, Richard St. F., 492n , 499n , 502n , 504n
• Prain, Sir Ronald, 791
• Pratt, James W., 553n
• Proctor, Samuel, 384
• Pumphrey, 957
• al-Qadhaafi, Wanis, 148n
• Quaison-Sackey, 447–449
• Quimby, Thomas H. E., 600n , 782, 785n , 952, 955, 1102n
• Quinn, Harry A., 754n
• Quist-Therson, E. C., 466
• Rabida, Albert A., 201n
• Radziwill, Stanislaus, 735
• Randall, Clarence H., 995
• Randolph, Phil, 296
• Read, Benjamin H., 3n , 9n , 151n , 279n , 281–282, 404n , 831n , 845–846, 849n , 914n , 923n , 929n , 949n , 955n , 1032n , 1038, 1041n
• Reddy, 1094
• Reed, Eugene M., 154n , 560n
• Regional policy regarding Sub-Saharan Africa (see also Action Program on African Development Policies and Programs):
  • Accomplishments of, 378–381 381
  • Arms control initiative, 355–357
  • CIA covert operations, 290–293, 365–366
  • Civil rights developments in U.S., African reaction to, 283–284
  • Communist subversion concerns, 274, 275–277, 297–298, 329, 331, 382–383, 404–405
  • Economic and political progress in newly independent nations, 285–286
  • Humphrey’s trip to Africa, 383–404
  • Independence and majority rule, support for, 313–314, 315, 327, 358–361
  • Internal security assistance, 279–280
  • Johnson’s interest in African affairs, 304–307
  • Johnson’s meeting with African Ambassado06-408
  • Johnson’s proposed trip to Africa, 408–410
  • Military take-overs of political power and, 320–323
  • Military training school, 286–288
  • Military transport flights, 278
  • New Policy for Africa. See Strengthened African Program below.
  • Nuclear free zone issue, 280–282, 315–317
  • Problem areas for U.S., 297–298, 328 -28–330, 368–375, 404–406
  • Rusk’s meeting with African Foreign Ministers, 358–361
  • Soft loan fund, participation in, 376–377
  • Strengthened African Program, 298–303, 305, 308–315, 318–319
  • Telecommunications system for Africa, proposed, 304
  • U.S. Negro leadership’s interest in, 288–289, 294, 295, 296
• West African radicalism and, 330–331
• Rehfeld, Eric, 785n
• Reinertson, John E., 763n , 764n
• Reis, Herbert K., 1102n
• Resnick, Congressman, 638, 664
• Reuter, Dick, 184, 185
• Reuther, Victor, 1021
• Rhodesia (see also Rhodesian government, international campaign against; Rhodesian unilateral independence issue), 313, 328, 368, 371
  • Nationalist movement, 698–699, 792, 802, 805
  • U.S. arms embargo, 795–796, 799–800
• Rhodesian government, international campaign against:
  • Africans in Rhodesia and, 926
  • Commonwealth Conferences re, 885, 886, 887–888, 893, 895, 914–916, 917, 919
  • Consulates’ withdrawal from Rhodesia, 952–953
  • Economic sanctions (see also Oil embargo and U.S. program of sanctions below ), 809–810, 823, 850, 855, 861–862, 874, 929n , 930, 931
    • Extended mandatory sanctions, 947–951, 954
    • Impact on Rhodesia, 847–848, 886–888, 892, 908–909, 944
    • Mandatory UN sanctions, 695, 866–867, 879–880, 912–913, 914, 915, 917, 919, 936–937, 938, 947–948
    • Rejection of sanctions by Portugal and South Africa, 938, 942–943, 946–947
    • Rhodesia’s retaliatory measures, 859, 938
    • Time-related concerns, 877–880, 897–898
    • U.K. strategy, 885, 896n
  • Failure of campaign, U.S. contingency planning re, 874–875, 939–942
  • Famine relief, 888–889
  • “Fearless” proposals, 956–958, 960–961, 962
  • Intelligence reports on, 826, 930, 938, 954
  • Johnson’s correspondence with Kaunda, 883, 891n , 962
  • Johnson’s correspondence with Wilson, 849–851, 859–860, 886–889, 890–891, 893–895, 903, 905–906, 914–916, 919–921, 923–924, 927–929, 955–956
  • Johnson’s meetings with Wilson, 870–874, 910–911
  • Military options, 843, 856, 868–870, 876–877, 882, 922–923, 940
  • Naval blockade option, 877, 880
  • Oil embargo, 846–847, 850, 860–861, 862–863, 864, 865, 867, 872, 873, 901–902, 946
  • Peace terms issue, 887, 895, 910–911
  • Portugal’s concerns, 904–905, 907–908
  • Rhodesians’ reaction, 848
  • Rhodesia’s Information Office in U.S. and, 897
  • South Africa’s contacts with Rhodesians, 920–921, 923, 929–930
  • U.K. contingency planning, 822–824
  • U.K. interests and objectives, 934, 945
  • U.K. military presence in Zambia, 849–852, 894, 904–905
  • U.K.-Rhodesia negotiations, 877, 902, 902, 903, 905–906, 911n , 922, 923–924, 927–929, 943, 944, 955–956, 961n
  • U.K. tobacco problem, 812–813
  • UN actions re, 695, 843n , 847n , 865, 866–867, 879–880, 901–902, 931, 949–953, 958, 959
  • U.S. analyses of Rhodesian situation, 932–937, 943–945
  • U.S. contingency planning, 797–798, 823
  • U.S. interests and objectives, 934, 945
  • U.S. limits on involvement, 898–901
  • U.S. program of sanctions, 840–842, 845–846, 859–860, 865, 890
  • U.S. refusal to recognize government, 839
  • U.S.-South Africa discussion, 1064–1065
  • U.S. stake in outcome, 852–858
  • U.S.-U.K. discussions (see also Johnson’s meetings with Wilson above ), 860–863, 895–896, 908–909, 917–918, 922–923, 925–927, 942–943
  • Wilson’s meeting with Kaunda, 891, 894
  • Zambia, U.S.-U.K. assistance for, 804, 806, 824, 862, 863, 864–865, 866, 872, 873, 879, 881, 882, 883, 884, 886, 898, 909
  • Zambia-Rhodesia border closing, 891, 894
  • Zambia-Rhodesia economic warfare, 843, 844, 855–856, 877–878, 881, 886
  • Zambia’s economic decline due to, 938, 954
• Rhodesian unilateral independence issue:
  • Agitation in Rhodesia, 801–802
  • Johnson’s correspondence with Smith, 829–833
  • Johnson’s correspondence with Wilson, 813–814, 817, 829–830, 833–834
  • Rhodesia’s declaration of independence, 838–839
  • Rhodesia’s position, 820–821
  • Royal Commission of Inquiry, 830, 831n , 834–836
  • U.K. conditions for granting independence, 835n
  • U.K.-Rhodesia negotiations, 803, 813–814, 824–825, 829–830, 833–834
  • UN actions re, 794–795, 818, 825, 843n
  • U.S. policy re, 701, 702, 801–802, 806–807
    • Public statement on, proposed, 827, 828
    • Smith informed of, 807–808, 810–811, 819–820
  • U.S. response to Rhodesia’s declaration, 836–837
  • U.S.-U.K. coordinated approach, 792–794, 800, 803–805, 809–810, 813–818, 828
  • U.S.-U.K. protests, 788–789
  • Zambia’s concerns, 790–792, 806
• Ribeiro, Miguel Augustus, 425n , 432–433, 447–448, 451–452
• Rivonia Trial, 983–984, 992
• Roberto, Holden, 291, 716, 717, 723, 726, 729, 741, 745, 746, 759n , 770–773, 774, 775–778
• Rogers, William D., 851n , 861n
• Roll, Sir Eric, 788, 860, 861
• Rollefson, Arthur M., 971–972
• Roosevelt, Archibald, 779
• Root, John F., 40, 50n , 64–68, 114, 116, 118, 122n , 123n , 124n , 125n , 132n , 134n , 181n , 196, 197n , 201n , 203n , 212–213, 215n , 243n , 254n , 260n , 264n , 270, 273
• Rostow, Eugene V., 132n , 203n , 263n , 273, 709–710, 917, 971n , 1040, 1106
• Rostow, Walt W., 101n , 196, 308n , 320n , 321, 404n , 458n , 779, 900, 904, 949n
  • Action Program on African Development Policies and Programs, 324–325 325, 327, 331, 361–362, 363, 364
  • Al
  • Algeria, 53, 56–60, 61
  • Ethiopia, 548, 562–564, 566
  • Ethiopia-Somalia dispute, 591–592, 594
  • Ghana, 463, 465–466, 475–477, 482–483
  • Lesotho, 1084–1085
  • Libya, 144–146, 147
  • Malawi, 697
  • Morocco:
    • Johnson’s meeting with Hassan, 183–184, 193–195
    • U.S. food and agricultural assistance, 184–185, 192–193, 194–195, 200–201
    • U.S. military assistance, 192, 213, 217–218
  • Nigerian civil war, 659, 661, 662, 665–666, 663, 669, 683, 687, 689
  • Nigerian political crisis, 617, 654
  • Regional policy regarding Sub-Saharan Africa, 328, 355, 380, 406–410
  • Rhodesian government, international campaign against, 901, 939, 942–943, 960
  • Somalia, 593–595
  • South Africa, 1051, 1058, 1097, 1108–1109, 1110
  • South West Africa, 1054, 1062, 1079
  • Southern Africa region, U.S. policy re, 703
  • Tunisia:
    • Bourguiba’s U.S. visit, 242–243, 259–260, 265–267
    • U.S. economic development assistance, 241–243, 266–267, 271–272
    • U.S. military assistance, 249–250, 251, 252–254, 272–273
    • U.S. security guarantee, proposed, 266, 267
• Rountree, William M., 921n , 1058, 1064, 1069n , 1101n , 1105n
• Rowan, Carl T., 81, 283–284
• Roy, J. Stapleton, 9n
• Rucker, Alvin M., 780n
• Runyon, Charles, III, 84n , 90n , 92n , 93n , 201n , 658n , 807n , 966n , 992n , 1022n , 1059n , 1093n , 1099n , 1101n , 1102n , 1106n , 1107n
• Ruser, Claus W., 215n , 705
• Rusk, Dean, 3n , 9n , 12n , 54n , 187n , 196, 324n , 479, 604n , 1005n
  • Action Program on African Development Policies and Programs, 325–326
  • Afro-Asian Conference of 1965, 44
  • Algeria:
    • Anti-American agitation, 18–20, 50
    • Internal security problems, 62
    • Non-alignment policy, 27
    • Opposition elements, alleged U.S. support for, 27, 28, 29–30
    • Meeting with Guellal, 26–28
    • U.S., relations with, 26–28
    • U.S. food and agricultural assistance, 11, 28, 39, 56–57, 58n , 59, 60
    • U.S. recognition of Boumediene government, 43–44
  • Ethiopia:
    • Dinke’s defection to U.S., 531, 532n
    • Eritrean insurgency, 575
    • Johnson’s correspondence with Haile Selassie, 488–489, 549–550
    • Johnson’s meetings with Haile Selassie, 560–561
    • Johnson’s proposed meeting with Haile Selassie in 1966, 544n
    • Kagnew Station military base, 561
    • Policing functions in Africa, 515–516
    • U.K. military sales, 574, 580
    • U.S. military assistance, 511–512, 515–516, 540–541, 559–561, 589–590
    • U.S. objectives and policies, 506
  • Ethiopia-Somalia dispute:
    • Bilateral resolution efforts of 1965, 530–531
    • Border clashes, 487, 490, 492–495, 502–504, 507–508
    • Detente initiative, 585–586, 597, 600–601
    • Soviet intervention, 500–501
    • U.S. mediating role, proposed, 501–502
    • U.S.-supplied military equipment, Ethiopia’s alleged use of, 507–508
  • Ghana, 422
    • Anti-American campaign, 411, 412, 420
    • Coup of 1966, 455–456
    • Harriman’s meeting with Nkrumah, 435
    • Johnson’s correspondence with Nkrumah, 433–434
    • U.S. Action Program, 419–420
    • Volta River project, 417n , 418, 419–420, 424
  • Horn of Africa, 504–507, 553
  • Libya, 69–70, 71, 101, 113, 114–115, 121–123, 142–143
  • Morocco:
    • Algerian military threat, 149–151, 203–205
    • Ben Barka kidnapping case, 180–181
    • Economic development and private investment, 177–179
    • Johnson’s correspondence with Hassan, 155n
    • Johnson’s meeting with M’Hammedi, 180, 181–182
    • Manganese exports to U.S., 154
    • Meetings with Moroccan officials, 166—167, 177–179, 188–190
    • Political situation, 175–177
    • U.S. development assistance, 168–169
    • U.S. food and agricultural assistance, 169, 216
    • U.S. military assistance, 149–151, 163, 165n , 191, 201–205, 215–216
  • Nigerian civil war, 658, 665–667, 683, 686, 689
  • Nigerian political crisis:
    • Autonomy offer for Eastern region, 641–642
    • Confederation option, 640
    • Countercoup of July 1966, 618–619
    • Federal government’s requests for international support, 636–637, 652–653
    • Mediation efforts, 633–634, 637, 640, 650–651
    • Military conflict, prospects for, 636–637
    • Secession issue, 619, 620–621
    • U.S. military assistance, requests for, 634–635
    • U.S. policy, 624, 625–626, 653
    • U.S.-U.K. consultations re, 640–641
  • North Africa, 11, 237
  • Portuguese Africa:
    • African-Portuguese talks, proposed, 717 20, 722–724, 761–762
    • Anderson Plan for self-determination, 754–758, 760
    • Azores issue, 691, 693–694
    • Communist assistance for nationalist movements, 717
    • Internal dissension in nationalist movements, 723, 759
    • Mondlane’s U.S. visit, 742
    • Political action program for nationalist movements, proposed, 729, 733–735
    • Portugal’s use of U.S./NATO military equipment, 765–768
    • Regional effects of fighting, 743–745, 765–768
    • Rusk’s meetings with Portuguese leaders, 786–787
    • Self-determination issue, 717–720, 722–724, 754–758, 759–762
    • UN actions re, 759–762, 769
    • U.S. contacts with nationalist leaders, 742, 751
    • U.S. covert support for nationalist movements, 720, 724, 780–782
    • U.S. objectives re, 743–745
    • U.S. reports on nationalist movements, 783
  • Regional policy regarding Sub-Saharan Africa, 279, 294, 295, 320, 358–361, 410n
  • Strengthened African Program, 308, 310–312, 314, 318, 319
  • Rhodesia, U.S. arms embargo against, 795–796
  • Rhodesian government, international campaign against, 850, 860, 873, 889, 895, 910–911, 920, 929, 959
    • Consulates’ withdrawal from Rhodesia, 953n
    • Economic sanctions, 861–862, 908–909, 947
    • Failure of campaign, U.S. contingency planning re, 940, 941
    • “Fearless” proposals, 958
    • Military options, 922–923, 940
    • Oil embargo, 846–847, 862–863
    • Peace terms issue, 910–911
    • South Africa’s contacts with Rhodesians, 929–930
    • U.K. contingency planning, 823, 824
    • U.K. military presence in Zambia, 851–852
    • U.S. program of sanctions, 840, 859–860
    • U.S. refusal to recognize government, 839
    • U.S.-U.K. discussions, 908–910, 917–918, 922–923
    • Zambia, U.S.-U.K. assistance for, 824, 862, 881, 882n , 883, 909
    • Zambia-Rhodesia economic warfare, 844, 881
  • Rhodesian unilateral independence issue, 813, 831–832, 837n
    • Rhodesia’s declaration of independence, 839
    • Royal Commission of Inquiry, 834–836
    • UN actions re, 818
    • U.S. policy, 827, 828
    • U.S.-U.K. coordinated approach, 803–805, 828
    • U.S.-U.K. protests, 788–789
  • Six-Day War, U.S. policy, 261–262
  • Somalia:
    • Anti-American campaign, 494–495
    • Haile Selassie’s U.S. visit, concerns re, 556–557
    • Irredentist policies, 484–485, 487–488, 557
    • Meeting with Abdirazak, 551–553
    • Meeting with Egal, 597–598
    • Soviet Union, relations with, 552
    • U.S. economic development assistance, 541, 552, 597
    • U.S. objectives and policies, 507
  • South Africa, 963, 993
    • Apartheid policy, 993, 1019–1021, 1044
    • Economic sanctions issue, 1019–1020, 1040
    • “One man-one vote” issue, 1101–1102
    • UN actions re, 987–988
    • U.S. Embassy staff transfer, South Africa’s request for, 1039
    • U.S. military involvement in support of UN actions, possible, 1025
    • U.S. military sales, 966–967, 1002, 1083, 1097–1098
    • U.S. non-segregation policy for personnel in South Africa, 1021–1022
    • U.S. ships’ port visits, 1067–1069
    • U.S. space tracking stations in, 692, 693–694, 967, 1046
  • South West Africa:
    • Homelands for non-white groups (Odendaal plan), 1107–1108
    • ICJ ruling re, 1054
    • Terrorism Act trials, 1091, 1093–1094, 1099–1100, 1102–1106
    • UN administration issue, 1073–1077
    • U.S.-U.K. coordinated approach re, 1022–1024
  • Tunisia, 234–235, 244, 263–264
    • Arab League agenda, rejection of, 230
    • Bourguiba’s U.S. visit, 242–243, 244, 257–259
    • Civic action program, 240
    • Meetings with Bourguiba Jr., 236–241, 260–263
    • Meetings with Driss, 243–244, 248–249, 257–259
    • Six-Day War and, 260–263
    • U.S. economic development assistance, 225n , 229–230, 242–243
    • U.S. military assistance, 231–233, 236–241, 244, 245–246, 247, 248–249, 251, 254n , 255–257, 264–265
    • U.S. security guarantee, proposed, 254–255
  • Vietnam war, 359
  • Wheelus Air Base:
    • Instructions for U.S. negotiators, 84–85, 90–91, 132–134
    • Israel-related concerns of Libyans, 123–125
    • Libyanization program, 92–93
    • Tunisia’s security and, 237
    • U.S. action program re, 74, 83–84
    • U.S. discussions with Idris re, 87–88, 93–95
    • U.S.-Libyan relations and, 74–76
    • U.S. negotiating strategy, 73
    • U.S. withdrawal issue, 97–98, 100–101
• Russell, Francis H., 228, 233n , 234n , 254n , 270
• Russell, Richard, 941
• Sacksteder, Frederick, 142n , 254n , 257, 259, 263n
• Salans, Carl F., 1073n
• Salazar, Antonio de Oliveira, 728, 729, 731, 734, 735, 760, 786–787, 904, 907
• Samantar, Haji Mussa, 596
• Sanderson, Fred H., 812n
• Sandys, Duncan, 276
• Sanusi, Alhaji M. A., 620–621
• Sarrell, Amb., 128
• Satterthwaite, Joseph C., 969–970, 975–977, 983–984, 1026–1028, 1031n , 1036, 1037
• Saunders, Harold H., 11n , 159, 191n , 196, 197n , 203n , 225, 263n , 269, 300n , 704
  • Algeria, 38, 40, 42–43, 51n , 53–54, 61–62
  • Libya, 105, 112, 119, 147–148
  • Morocco, 157, 213–214
  • Nigerian civil war, 687–688
  • Southern Africa region, U.S. policy re, 703–704
  • Tunisia, 235–236, 247, 251–252
  • Wheelus Air Base, 95–96, 99, 103–104
• Savimbi, Jonas, 746, 759n , 772, 777–778
• Schaufele, William E., Jr., 759n
• Schlosser, Wilhelm, 777
• Schmitz, Charles A., 797n
• Schultze, Charles L., 241, 254, 314, 465
• Schwartz, Harry H., 898n , 900–901
• Schwebel, Stephen M., 759n , 762n , 1022n
• Scott, Joseph W., 611, 720–721
• Scott, Kenneth, 788
• Seaborg, Glenn T., 145
• Sebastian, Peter, 781n
• Seider, Francis J., 1102n
• Senegal, 166, 328
• Senghor, Leopold Sedar, 328
• Senior Interdepartmental Group, 898–901, 1109–1110
• Shego, Ali Omar, 596
• Shullaw, J. Harold, 121n , 912
• Sianis, Maj. Gen. Pete C., 713–715
• Sibley, Gen., 125n , 132n
• Sieverts, Frank A., 1067n
• Sisco, Joseph J., 166, 169n , 691, 692, 705, 711, 712, 754n , 759n , 762n , 763, 818n , 827, 843, 846n , 912–913, 923n , 925, 947–948, 952–953, 1022n , 1055, 1073n , 1076–1077, 1079–1080
• Sisulu, Walter, 992
• Six-Day War, 12, 6, 125–128, 137, 207, 260–263, 370–371
• Slaoui, Driss, 151n
• Slim, Taieb, 240, 760
• Sloan, Frank K., 278, 510, 511, 966n , 968–969, 978–979
• Sloan, Samuel, 618n
• Smith, Bromley K., 247, 325n , 369, 849n , 932n , 942, 1053
• Smith, Ian, 932
  • Rhodesian government, international campaign against:
    • “Fearless” proposals, 958, 960
    • U.K.-Rhodesia negotiations, 877, 903, 906, 922, 923–924, 927–929, 944
    • Zambia-Rhodesia economic warfare, 886
  • Rhodesian unilateral independence issue:
    • Johnson’s correspondence with, 829–833
    • Rhodesia’s declaration of independence, 838
    • Rhodesia’s position, 820–821
    • U.K.-Rhodesia negotiations, 803, 829–830, 834
    • U.S. policy re, 807–808, 810–811, 819–820
    • U.S.-U.K. protests, 788
• Smith, Robert P., 451n , 455n , 618n , 620n , 632n , 633n , 634n , 636n , 640n , 641n , 658n , 686n
• Smith, Rufus Z., 633n
• Smyser, William R., 754n
• Sobotka, Clement, 743n
• Soko, J. H., 790
• Solbert, Peter, 175, 525
• Sole (South Africa), 966, 1067, 1068n
• Solomon, Anthony M., 308n , 842, 861n , 881n
• Somalia (see also Ethiopia-Somalia dispute; Horn of Africa), 588
  • Anti-American campaign, 494–495
  • Arab-Israeli conflict and, 598
  • Egal government, 581–584, 587–588
  • Haile Selassie’s U.S. visit, concerns re, 556–557
  • Humphrey’s visit, 399–400
  • Irredentist policies, 484–485, 487–488, 490–491, 509, 529–530, 557, 572
  • Johnson’s correspondence with Aden, 497–498
  • Johnson’s meeting with Egal, 591–597
  • Kenya, relations with, 509, 582–588, 591–592, 594, 597, 600
  • Rusk’s meeting with Abdirazak, 551–553
  • Rusk’s meeting with Egal, 597–598
  • Soviet Union, relations with, 485, 502, 505, 506, 509, 519, 551, 552, 600, 603–604
  • U.S. covert operations, 495–496
  • U.S. economic development assistance, 541, 551–552, 570, 594–595, 597
  • U.S. military assistance to Ethiopia, protests re, 538–539
  • U.S. objectives and policies, 507
  • Williams’s meeting with Adan, 529–530
• Sommers, Cmdr., 667–668
• Sonnenfeldt, Helmut, 500n
• South Africa (see also South West Africa), 313, 329, 371–372, 610
  • Apartheid policy, 963–965, 1009
    • International initiatives re, 993–994, 1018–1019, 1044
    • U.S. popular campaign against, 1019–1021
  • Black nationalists, actions against (Rivonia Trial), 983–984, 992
  • Blockade issue, 695–696
  • Civil aviation agreement with U.S., 1108–1109
  • Economic sanctions issue, 695, 989, 994, 998, 1010–1011, 1019–1020, 1038, 1040–1041, 1061, 1066
  • Economic situation, 1010
  • Homelands policy, 1009–1010, 1084–1085
  • Intelligence reports on, 988–989, 1061, 1077–1078
  • Johnson’s meeting with Oppenheimer, 1028–1029
  • Military situation, 1010
  • Moderate whites, U.S. support for, 1037
  • Nationalist movement, 698–699
  • Nuclear energy program, 998–999, 1006, 1082
  • “One man-one vote” issue, 1101–1102
  • Political situation, 988–989, 1078
  • Rhodesian government, international campaign against, 887, 902, 915, 916, 925, 928
    • Contacts with Rhodesians, 920–921, 923, 929–930
    • Economic sanctions, rejection of, 938, 942–943, 946
    • U.S.-South Africa discussions, 1064–1065
  • Rhodesian unilateral independence issue, 791
  • Strategic importance to U.S., 1011
  • UN actions re, 691–692, 986–988, 992n , 993–994, 1044
  • U.S. disengagement, proposed, 1083–1084
  • U.S. Embassy staff transfer, South Africa’s request for, 1031–1032, 1039
  • U.S. loans and investment guarantees, 985, 996–997, 1034–1035
  • U.S. military involvement in support of UN actions, possible, 1025–1026
  • U.S. military requirements for facilities and contractual support, 1070–1072
  • U.S. military sales, 966–969, 978, 979–981, 985, 996, 999–1005, 1034, 1047–1049, 1081–1082, 1083, 1094–1098
  • U.S. non-segregation policy for personnel in South Africa, 1021–1022, 1026–1028, 1030–1031, 1032–1033, 1042
  • U.S. policy toward, 700, 702, 973–974
    • Explanation of policy to African countries, 1037–1038
    • JCS position, 989–991
    • National Policy Paper, 1007–1019
    • NSAM No. 295, 981–982, 984–986, 989–991, 995–998, 1012, 1032–1038, 1041–1043
  • U.S. ships’ port visits, 1021–1022, 1026–1028, 1051–1052, 1067–1069, 1089–1091, 1109–1110
  • U.S. space tracking stations in, 692, 693–694, 967, 968, 971–972, 978, 979, 985, 997, 1030–1031, 1032–1033, 1035, 1038, 1042–1043, 1045–1047, 1078
  • Verwoerd’s assassination, 1058–1059
• Southern Africa region, U.S. policy re, 699–715
• South West Africa, 329, 368, 371, 918, 1007–1008
  • Homelands for non-white groups (Odendaal plan), 969–970, 975–977, 995–996, 1034, 1107–1108
  • ICJ ruling on, 970n , 1007–1008, 1052–1057
  • Intelligence reports on, 1050, 1065–1066
  • Mandate system, 965
  • Nationalist movement, 698–699, 1088–1089
  • Terrorism Act trials, 1091–1094, 1099–1100, 1102–1106
  • UN administration issue, 695, 964–965, 1062–1064, 1065–1066
    • Dialogue with South Africa re, 1076–1077, 1079–1080, 1086–1087
    • General Assembly Resolution 2248, 1080n
    • U.S. position, 1073–1076
  • U.S. aide-memoire re, 1059–1060
  • U.S. policy re, 701, 702, 973–974, 985–986, 997–998, 1012–1018
  • U.S.-U.K. coordinated approach re, 1022–1024, 1033, 1035–1036
    • Friendly countries’ support, 1038, 1041–1042
• Soviet Union, 602
  • Algeria, relations with, 2, 3, 11, 21, 24, 26, 36, 41–42, 50, 62
  • Arms control, 355–357
  • Ethiopia-Somalia dispute, 500–501
  • Ghana, relations with, 429, 430, 459
  • Horn of Africa, 573
    • U.S.-Soviet arms freeze, proposed, 542–543, 553–554
  • Morocco, relations with, 149n , 164, 187, 189–190
  • Nationalist movements of Southern Africa and, 699
  • Nigerian civil war, 663, 664, 675, 682, 685
  • North Africa, 3, 11
  • Portuguese Africa, 753
  • Six-Day War, 262
  • Somalia, relations with, 485, 502, 505, 506, 509, 519, 551, 552, 600, 603–604
  • South Africa’s apartheid policy, 994
  • Subversive activity in Africa, 382–383, 404–405
• Spain, 5, 182
• Spanish Sahara, 4, 5, 182, 199–200
• Special Group, 495, 720–721, 738–739
• Special Group (Counterinsurgency), 279n
• Special National Intelligence Estimates (see also National Intelligence Estimates):
  • SNIE 70–2–66, 1065–1066
  • SNIE 70–66, 1050
  • SNIE 71–64, 740–741
  • SNIE 72–65, 826
  • SNIE 73–64, 988–989
  • SNIE 76.1–68, 598–599
• Spicer, R. Peter, 188, 191n , 201n , 206, 248
• Spiers, Ronald I., 908
• Springsteen, George S., Jr., 785n , 809n , 812n , 813n , 819n , 943n
• Starkey, Joseph F., 813n
• Steigman, Andrew L., 553n , 597n
• Stephan, Ralph W., 1059n
• Stephenson, Amb., 969, 977
• Stern, Thomas, 84n
• Sterner, Michael, 175n
• Stevens, John, 842
• Stevenson, Adlai E., 795n , 966, 1000, 1001
• Stewart, Sir Michael, 113, 788, 803, 813, 822–824, 841, 874, 902n , 908, 912–913, 918, 922
• Stoessel, Walter J., Jr., 759n , 767n , 904
• Stoltzfus, William A., Jr., 26n , 29n , 43n
• Stookey, Robert N., 502n
• Stout, Charles R., 504n
• Straus, Peter, 215n , 264n , 384
• Strengthened African Program, 298–303, 305, 308–315, 318–319
• Strong, Curtis C., 97n , 318n , 553n , 556n , 743n
• Sub-Saharan Africa. See Regional policy regarding Sub-Saharan Africa.
• Sudan, 32, 286, 491, 496–497
• Suddarth, Roscoe S., 136
• Sunay, 261
• Swaziland, 329, 701–702
• Symington, 196
• Symington, James W., 596
• Symmes, Harrison M., 74n , 181n
• Talbot, Phillips, 34
• Tanzania (Tanganyika), 275, 277, 329, 374, 496, 699, 743–745, 867
• Tanzania-Zambia railroad, 304, 374, 798–799, 800–801
• Tasca, Henry J., 18n , 26n , 28, 29n , 71n , 84n , 87n , 90n , 93n , 97n , 100n , 154n , 166, 184n , 187, 196, 219n , 484n , 487n , 491n , 492n , 494n , 497n , 499n , 502n , 504n , 507n , 511n , 515n , 518n , 520n , 745n
  • Morocco, 161, 162, 211, 214–215
• Tashoma Haile-Mariam, 532, 546, 580
• Task Force on the Review of African Development Policies and Programs, 326, 331–333, 334–349
• Taswell, Harold L. T., 1024, 1039, 1056–1057, 1059–1060, 1076, 1077, 1079, 1086, 1099–1100, 1106, 1108n
• Taylor, Frank D., 1022n
• Taylor, Gen. Maxwell D., 979–981, 989–991
• Taylor, Adm. R. L., 704, 779
• Taylor, Rufus, 572n , 698n , 941, 1077n
• Taylor, Rush W., 1097n
• Tedla Bairu, 575
• Telecommunications system for Africa, proposed, 304
• Telli, Diallo, 391, 398, 656
• Tempelsman, Maurice, 387
• Thant, U, 209, 490, 685
• Thiam, Doudou, 358
• Thirkeild, Ben, 451n
• Thompson, Herbert B., 263n , 849n
• Thompson, Llewellyn E., 495, 514, 542n , 553n , 1040
  • Committee, 495, 742–743, 747, 779, 782
• Thurston, Raymond L., 496, 542n , 581–584, 586n , 588, 590–591, 596, 597n , 601
• Tienken, Arthur T., 781n
• Tito, Marshal, 430
• Todman, Terence A., 451
• Toon, Malcolm, 542n
• Torbert, Horace G., 488n , 490n , 491n , 494n , 498n , 530n
• Touba, Pauline, 776
• Toumayan, Alec G., 161, 177, 206, 212, 358, 564
• Toure, Sekou, 30, 283, 330
• Towsey, Kenneth, 796
• Tran Van Do, 391
• Trend, Sir Burke, 417, 872, 873, 874, 909
• Tresidder, Argus, 1031n
• Trimble, William C., 29n , 114n , 123n , 124n , 142, 177, 181n , 188, 230–231, 232n , 234n , 236, 254n , 413–416, 451n , 455n , 556n , 560n , 589n , 615, 618n , 625n , 632n , 633n , 634n , 636n , 640n , 641n , 649n , 650n , 652n , 751n , 765n , 812n , 943n , 1068n
• Trivers, Howard, 500n
• Tron, Rene A., 9n , 50n , 124n
• Trued, Melvyn, 842
• Trueheart, William C., 774, 781n
• Tsafendakis, Demetrios, 1058–1059
• Tshombe, Moise, 291, 292, 306, 444, 445, 746
• Tubman, William, 391–392
• Tuhadeleni, Eliaser, 1091
• Tully, Andrew, 423
• Tunisia (see also North Africa), 1, 2, 9
  • African nations, relations with, 219, 222
  • Algerian coup of 1965, 42–43
  • Arab League agenda, rejection of, 230–231, 273
  • Bourguiba’s U.S. visit, 242–243, 244, 257–260, 265–271
  • Civic action program, 240
  • Economic situation, 219
  • France, relations with, 219–220, 221, 225, 244
  • Humphrey’s visit, 267, 402–404
  • Israel, policy toward, 223n , 227, 230–231, 266
  • Johnson’s correspondence with Bourguiba, 259–260, 263–264
  • Johnson’s meetings with Bourguiba, 265–271
  • Johnson’s meetings with Bourguiba, Jr., 227–229
  • Komer’s meetings with Bourguiba, Jr., 220–223
  • Libya, relations with, 222–223, 234–235
  • Military situation, 14
  • Morocco, relations with, 221
  • Mutual defense arrangement with U.S., proposed, 3–4
  • Nasser’s military threat, 234n , 238
  • Political situation, 14
  • Rusk’s meetings with Bourguiba Jr., 236–241, 260–263
  • Rusk’s meetings with Driss, 243–244, 248–249, 257–259
  • Six-Day War and, 260–263
  • Territorial claims, 4
  • Turkey as source of military equipment, 261, 268, 270
  • U.S. development assistance, 5, 220–221, 223–230, 241–243, 266–267, 271–272
  • U.S. military assistance, 229, 231–233, 235–241, 244, 245–254, 255–257, 261, 264–265, 272–273
  • U.S. security guarantee, proposed, 254–255, 257n , 266, 267, 273
  • Vietnam war, policy re, 267
• Turkey, 136–137, 261, 268, 270
• Tyler, William R., 417, 720n , 721n , 748–750, 788
• Uganda, 275, 277, 328, 374
• Underhill, Francis T., 834n
• United Arab Republic (UAR) (see also Six-Day War), 13, 34, 116, 124, 528
• United Kingdom (see also Rhodesian government, international campaign against; Rhodesian unilateral independence issue):
  • Action Program on African Development Policies and Programs, attitude toward, 362
  • Decreasing involvement in Africa, 345–346, 349
  • East African military presence, 277
  • Ethiopia, 574, 580
  • Ghana, 417–418, 447, 466–467
  • Libya, 72, 83, 105, 113, 114–119, 121–123, 141
  • Nigerian civil war, 657, 659–660, 663, 685
  • Nigerian political crisis, 628–629, 640–641, 651–652, 656
  • South Africa, 695, 993
  • South West Africa, 997, 1022–1024, 1033, 1035–1036
  • Zanzibar, 276, 277
• United Nations (see also South West Africa):
  • Nuclear free zone issue, 315–317
  • Portuguese Africa, 759–764, 769
  • Rhodesian government, international campaign against, 695, 843n , 846–847, 865, 866–867, 879–880, 901–902, 931, 949–953, 958, 959
  • Rhodesian unilateral independence issue, 794–795, 818, 825, 843n
  • South Africa, 691–692, 986–988, 992n , 993–994, 1044
• United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA), 338–339, 367, 397
• United States Information Agency (USIA), 301, 310, 312, 319, 703
• Usher, Arsene, 358
• Valdes, Philip H., 18n , 149n
• Valenti, Jack, 871, 874
• Van Oss, Hendrik, 451n
• Vance, Cyrus R., 88–89, 279n , 316, 738, 863, 942, 978, 1070, 1071
• Verwoerd, Henrik F., 902, 975–977, 995–996, 1031n , 1042, 1058–1059
• Videira, Alphonse, 776
• Vietnam war, 27, 46–47, 182, 267, 359, 448–449, 476, 481
• Voice of America, 195, 198, 301
• “Voice of the Arabs” radio, 81
• Volta River project. See under Ghana.
• Vorster, B. J., 921n , 923, 1064
• Wachuku, Agnes, 610–611, 983
• Walker, Angus, 803, 839
• Walker, Peter C., 523n , 529, 542n , 544n , 574n , 575n
• Walsh, John P., 191n , 549n , 859n , 890n , 919n , 920n
• Ward, Barbara, 856
• Warren, George L., 74n , 84n , 92n , 93n , 100n , 232n , 234n , 488n , 504n , 516n , 544n , 754n , 765n , 767n , 995n
• Watson, Duncan, 903
• Webb, James E., 1045, 1046–1047
• Wellman, Harvey R., 908n
• Wells, H. Bartlett, 495, 514
• West African Economic Community, 472
• Westerfield, Samuel Z., 745n
• Wey, Commodore, 627–628, 632, 639
• Wheeler, Gen. Earle G., 175, 205–206, 286–288, 316–317, 1109
• Wheelus Air Base:
  • Closure issue, 69, 70
  • Defense Department position, 88–89, 103–104
  • Harriman’s assessment of situation, 80–81
  • Idris’s position, 105–107
  • Israel-related concerns of Libyans, 123–125, 139
  • Libyan Air Force and, 79, 131–132, 139–140
  • Libyanization program, 92–93, 99
  • Libya’s public statements on termination of U.S. rights, 71
  • Negotiations re, 85–87, 104, 130–131, 134n , 138–140
    • Instructions for U.S. negotiators, 84–85, 90–91, 132–134
    • U.S. negotiating strategy, 72, 73, 76, 82
  • Relocation of military functions, contingency planning for, 143–144
  • Six-Day War, crisis related to, 125–128
  • Strategic value to U.S., 77–80
  • Tunisia’s security and, 237
  • U.S. action program re, 74, 83–84
  • U.S. discussions with Idris re, 87–88, 93–95, 105–107
  • U.S.-Libyan relations and, 74–76
  • U.S. withdrawal issue, 95–101, 128–131
• White, Lee C., 288–289
• Wichser, Mary J., 861n
• Wilkins, Roy, 288–289, 295n , 296
• Williams, Franklin H., 455n , 456–457, 466, 478, 479–481, 634n
• Williams, G. Mennen, 16n , 29n , 30n , 43n , 149n , 154n , 167n , 169n , 173n , 175n , 219n , 220n , 223n , 224n , 225n , 279n , 288n , 419n , 424, 428n , 432, 458n , 488n , 516n , 717n , 722n , 762n , 792n , 795n , 834n , 837n , 844n , 851n , 861n , 881n , 883n , 895n , 966n , 1019n , 1021n , 1022n , 1044n
  • Algeria, 34, 46, 50, 51
  • Ethiopia, 521, 527, 531–532, 533–536
  • Ethiopia-Somalia dispute, 490–491, 496–497, 501–502, 523, 530
  • Ghana, 411, 413, 441–442, 450–452
  • Libya, 69–70, 101, 108–109
  • Morocco, 160, 163–165, 174, 175
  • Portuguese Africa, 720, 721n , 729–732, 745, 747, 770–771
  • Rhodesia, 795n , 797–798, 799–800
  • Somalia, 529–530
  • South Africa, 971, 993, 1037, 1040–1041, 1045
  • Strengthened African Program, 298, 301, 305, 308–309, 310, 312, 318–319
  • Tanzania-Zambia railroad, 799
  • Wheelus Air Base, 69, 70, 80–81
• Williamson, Larry C., 927n
• Wilson, Harold, 121, 480, 611, 661, 663, 669
  • Rhodesian government, international campaign against:
    • Commonwealth Conferences re, 886, 887–888, 893, 895, 914–916
    • Economic sanctions, 850, 874, 886–888, 908–909, 914, 915, 929n
    • Famine relief, 888–889
    • “Fearless” proposals, 958, 960
    • Johnson’s correspondence with Wilson, 849–851, 859–860, 886–889, 890–891, 893–895, 903, 905–906, 914–916, 919–921, 923–924, 927–929, 955–956
    • Johnson’s meetings with Wilson, 870–874, 910–911
    • Oil embargo, 850, 872
    • Peace terms issue, 887, 895
    • U.K. military presence in Zambia, 849–851, 894
    • U.K.-Rhodesia negotiations, 877, 902n , 903, 905–906, 911n , 923–924, 927–929, 955–956
    • U.S.-U.K. discussions, 908–909
    • Wilson’s meeting with Kaunda, 891, 894
    • Zambia, U.S.-U.K. assistance for, 872, 873
    • Zambia-Rhodesia border closing, 891, 894
  • Rhodesian unilateral independence issue:
    • Johnson’s correspondence with Smith, 829–830
    • Johnson’s correspondence with Wilson, 813–814, 817, 829–830, 833–834
    • U.K.-Rhodesia negotiations, 813–814, 829, 833–834
    • U.S.-U.K. coordinated approach, 813–814, 818, 828
    • U.S.-U.K. protests, 788
• Wina, Arthur, 790
• Witman, William, 240, 358, 706–707, 712
• Witt, William H., 1031n
• Wolf, Joseph J., 123n , 132n , 560n , 574n , 575n , 1081
• Wood, Gen., 510n
• Woods, George, 321, 332, 350–351, 353, 361–362, 439
• World Bank, 866
  • Action Program on African Development Policies and Programs, 332–333, 348, 350–351, 353, 361–362, 367
  • Ghana, 415, 439
  • Morocco, 166, 186
  • Tunisia, 226, 242
• World Youth Festival, 39
• Wright, Ken, 747
• Wright, M. A., 109
• Wright, Oliver, 874, 903
• Yaker, Layachi, 50n , 64–67
• Yarmolinsky, 315
• Yates, Capt., 1069
• Yifru, Ketema, 358, 544n , 546–547
• Yost, Robert L., 315, 760
• Zablocki, Clement, 414
• Zambia (see also Rhodesian government, international campaign against), 285, 286, 374, 699, 701–702, 778
  • Humphrey’s visit, 395–396
  • Nationalist fighting in Angola, 765–768
  • Rhodesian unilateral independence, concerns re, 790–792, 806
  • Tanzania-Zambia railroad, 304, 374, 798–799, 800–801
• Zantuti, Brig., 138
• Zanzibar (see also Tanzania), 276–277, 374, 610–611
• Z’Biri, Col., 62
• Zook, Ben M., 500n
• Zulu, A. G., 882n
• Zwick, Charles J., 272, 482